Live Background Aquatic Plants for Aquariums and Ponds

This Alternanthera reineckii variant, known as AR Rosaefolia, is a stunning aquatic plant that is sure to add a splash of colour to any aquarium. This particular variety of Alternanthera is known for its vibrant copper to red hues and its relatively easy maintenance compared to other aquatic Alternanthera varieties.

To fully bring out the red colouring of the plant, use strong lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate that is high in iron. Under optimal conditions, the entire plant will retain its vibrant red hue, creating a bold and striking visual statement in your aquarium.

However, even in less than ideal conditions, AR Rosaefolia can still offer a beautiful display. The undersides of the leaves will remain red, while the tops of the leaves turn a copper or bronze colour, providing a unique contrast that is just as visually appealing.

AR Rosaefolia grows quickly and can be trimmed regularly to maintain its desired size and shape. This plant is an excellent option for aquascaping and can be used in a wide variety of aquarium designs.

If you are looking to add some bold, eye-catching colour to your aquarium, Alternanthera reineckii (AR Rosaefolia) is an excellent choice.

Alternanthera reineckii 'mini', also known as AR Mini, is a delightful foreground plant that adds a pop of bright red colour to any aquarium. This plant is a miniature variant of Alternanthera reineckii and is more compact and slower growing than its larger counterpart.

AR Mini is a fairly easy plant to keep, and it is less demanding than other red aquarium plants due to its slow growth. However, high lighting is essential to get the best colour from this plant. Trimming taller stems will encourage branching and bushier growth, making it ideal for aquascaping in smaller tanks.

This plant benefits from a nutrient-rich substrate and CO2 injection, which improves the growth rate and overall health of the plant. By providing these conditions, you can help ensure that your AR Mini stays healthy and vibrant.

If you are looking for a colourful and low-maintenance foreground plant that can thrive in a range of water conditions, Alternanthera reineckii 'mini' is an excellent choice. Its compact size and slower growth make it ideal for smaller tanks, and its striking red colour will provide a beautiful focal point in any aquarium.

Ammannia baccifera, commonly known as the Monarch Redstem, is a rare, native Australian plant uncommon in the aquarium trade. Belonging to the family Lythraceae, this Australian native species has a similar growth form to other Ammannia species but with consistently green leaves.

In its natural habitat, Monarch Redstem typically grows in marshes and wetlands, and so makes an ideal tropical pond plant for moist and boggy areas around the pond. When grown emersed, the stems of Ammannia baccifera can grow with a striking red colouration, particularly when grown under bright lighting conditions. However, it is a demanding plant to grow submerged and is best suited for experienced aquarists. In the aquarium, this plant exhibits a generally strictly upright growth habit, with tall stems that can reach heights of up to 50 centimeters under optimal conditions.

Monarch Redstem has narrow, lance-shaped leaves that are arranged in pairs along the stems. In the aquarium, the leaves can get to about 5cm in length, and are a deep green colour. This plant requires strong lighting and appreciates water that is high in nutrients, including iron. It will do well in both hard and softer water, as long as CO2 levels are high. Adequate carbon dioxide supplementation will promote healthy growth and vibrant colouration in this plant species.

Ammannia baccifera is a unique native plant for the high tech aquarium and is also a great option for Queensand and Northern Territory biotope aquariums. While it can be demanding and requires a high level of care, this is definitely an excellent plant to try, especially for rare aquatic plant collectors.

Ammannia capitellata, also known as Nesaea triflora, is a beautiful and easy-to-care-for stem plant. With its oval, yellow-green leaves and succulent red stem, it is a wonderful addition to any aquarium. This plant is fast growing and relatively undemanding, making it a popular choice for aquarists of all skill levels.

In ideal conditions, Ammannia capitellata develops a striking colouration with its bright red stem and yellow-green leaves. The contrast between the two colours is visually stunning and is sure to draw the eye in any aquarium. However, even in lower light conditions, this plant still grows well and maintains its green colouration.

Ammannia capitellata is an excellent plant for aquarists who are just starting with planted tanks, as it is relatively easy to care for and it is the most forgiving out of all the Ammannia species. It is also a great choice for aquarists who are looking for a colourful, fast-growing plant that will quickly fill in the background of their aquarium.

With proper care, Ammannia capitellata will thrive in a wide range of aquarium setups. It prefers moderate to high lighting and benefits from regular fertilisation. This plant also appreciates the addition of CO2, but it can still grow well without it.

Overall, Ammannia capitellata is a beautiful and easy-to-care-for plant that is sure to bring a pop of colour to any aquarium. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced aquarist, this plant is a great choice for a healthy and vibrant planted tank.

Ammannia gracilis, commonly known as Red Ammannia, is a stunning aquarium plant species that develops a rich red-pink colouration when kept in good conditions. While slower growing than A. senegalensis, this plant is well worth the wait, as its mature form is quite spectacular.

The most notable feature of this plant is its large, bright red leaves. Wavy edges also develop on the leaves as they age and grow in size, adding even more visual interest to an already striking plant.

However, this plant is rather demanding and requires specific conditions to thrive. It does best in soft water with high lighting and CO2 injection. These conditions help promote faster and healthier growth, resulting in a bushy plant that can add a stunning splash of colour to your aquarium.

If you're looking for a stunning and eye-catching addition to your high-tech aquarium, Ammannia gracilis (Red Ammannia) is an excellent choice. While this plant may be more demanding than other options, the end result is well worth the effort. With the right care and conditions, you can enjoy a beautiful and healthy plant that will enhance the visual appeal of your aquarium.

Ammannia pedicellata is an attractive stem plant with long, yellow-green leaves. This plant is fast growing and relatively undemanding, making it a popular choice for aquarists of all skill levels.

This plant is known for its soft-looking, flowing leaves and its bushy growth habit. In lower light conditions this plant will grow with green leaves on an orange stem, while under high light the leaves become more yellow coloured.

Caring for Ammannia pedicellata is relatively straightforward. It can thrive in a wide range of water parameters, growing best in temperatures between 20°C and 28°C. While it will grow in moderate light, it truly shines under high lighting conditions, where its colours become more vibrant. Providing a nutrient-rich substrate and regular fertilisation is important, as this species can become stunted in nutrient-poor water. This plant also appreciates the addition of CO2, where it will grow leaves to about 5cm long.

Overall, Ammannia pedicellata is a beautiful and easy-to-care-for plant that is sure to bring a pop of colour to any aquarium. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced aquarist, this plant is a great choice for a healthy and vibrant planted tank.

Ammannia senegalensis, known as Copper Leaf Ammannia, is a striking and colourful red aquarium plant that can add a pop of colour to any well-lit aquarium. Its leaves develop shades of yellow and orange, and under high light, they can take on a more intense red hue. The leaves are longer and slightly thinner than those of A. gracilis, and they curve downwards rather than upwards, creating an interesting visual effect in your aquascape.

This is a relatively fast-growing aquatic plant that requires a nutrient-rich substrate, soft water, and high light to thrive. While CO2 injection isn't strictly necessary for this species, it can improve growth and colouration, especially under high light conditions. In addition, regular fertilisation can help ensure that the plant has access to the nutrients it needs to grow and stay healthy.

One thing to keep in mind when caring for Ammannia senegalensis is that it can be somewhat demanding and may require more attention than other aquarium plants. However, with the right care and attention, this plant can be a beautiful and eye-catching addition to your tank.

Overall, Ammannia senegalensis is a great choice for aquarium enthusiasts looking to add some colour and visual interest to their aquascape. With its unique growth pattern and beautiful colouration, it is sure to make a statement in any well-lit aquarium.

Anubias afzelii, commonly known as Afzelius' Anubias, is a popular aquarium plant due to its durable nature and attractive look. Native to West Africa, this species thrives in the shaded, slow-moving waters of rivers and streams, making it well-suited to a variety of freshwater aquarium setups.

Anubias afzelii is characterised by its long, thin, and lanceolate leaves. This is one of the larger Anubias species, with elegant narrow leaves which can grow up to 30 cm in length. These leaves are typically dark green, tough, and resilient, making them less likely to be damaged by herbivorous fish. The plant's robust nature and slow growth rate make it an excellent choice for low-maintenance aquariums. It can tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including varying pH levels, hardness levels and temperatures between 12-32°C.

This species is particularly well-suited to low lighting conditions, though it can also grow in higher light levels. It is important to avoid direct, intense light, which can cause algae to grow on its leaves. Anubias afzelii does not require CO2 injection, although it can benefit from it, resulting in healthier and more vigorous growth.

When planting Anubias afzelii in an aquarium, it is important to avoid burying the rhizome in the substrate as this can lead to rot. Instead, it should be attached to rocks, driftwood, or other decorations in the aquarium. Over time, the plant will anchor itself with its roots, creating a natural and attractive addition to the aquarium landscape. The plant can also grow out of the substrate if only the roots and not the rhizome are buried.

This versatile plant can be used in various aquascaping styles, from lush, densely planted tanks to minimalist setups where its unique leaf shape can be highlighted. As a mature plant it provides excellent cover and hiding spots for fish and invertebrates, contributing to the overall health and balance of your aquarium.

Anubias barteri, the Dwarf Anubias, is a popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts due to its hardiness and minimal requirements. This slow-growing plant is capable of surviving in a wide range of lighting conditions and is often used in low-light aquariums. Its thick, leathery leaves make it resistant to damage from most fish and snails.

One unique feature of Anubias barteri is its method of attaching to objects in the aquarium. It uses its roots to anchor itself to objects like driftwood and rocks, but care must be taken not to bury the rhizome, as this can cause the plant to rot. The plant can also grow out of the substrate if only the roots and not the rhizome are buried.

Due to its slow growth, Anubias barteri does not require additional CO2 or substantial fertilisation. It is a great choice for beginner aquarists or for those looking to add low-maintenance plants to their aquarium.

Anubias 'Oval Leaf', the Oval Leaf Anubias or Anubias 'Jenny', is a hardy aquatic plant with distinctive round to oval shaped leaves, which add a unique aesthetic to any aquarium setup. Like other members of the Anubias genus, this species is hardy and adaptable to almost any aquarium conditions.

The leaves of Anubias 'Oval Leaf' are dark green, robust, and can grow to about 5-10 cm in length, making them an excellent choice for smaller aquariums. These tough, leathery leaves are resistant to herbivory, making the plant suitable for tanks with a variety of fish and snail species.

Anubias 'Oval Leaf' is a hybrid of Anubias barteri var. 'Nana' and Anubias barteri var. 'Coffeefolia'. This cultivar combines the best traits of its parent plants, with both small and ridged leaves, resulting in a hardy and attractive aquatic plant. Like all Anubias, this species adapts easily to a wide range of water conditions. It can thrive in both soft and hard water, varying pH levels, and temperatures between 12-32°C. It is a fantastic low light aquarium plant but can also grow in aquariums with higher light. CO2 injection is not necessary for this plant, although it can enhance growth and overall health.

When planting Anubias 'Oval Leaf' in an aquarium, it is essential to avoid burying the rhizome in the substrate, as this can lead to rot. Instead, the plant should be attached to hardscape elements like rocks or driftwood. Over time, the roots will secure the plant to the chosen surface. This plant can also grow out of the substrate if only the roots and not the rhizome are buried.

This versatile plant is ideal for a variety of aquascaping styles, from densely planted tanks to minimalist setups where its unique leaf shape can be showcased. Its slow growth rate also means it requires minimal maintenance and so makes a reliable and attractive addition to any freshwater aquarium.

Anubias are popular and resilient aquatic plants cherished by both novice and experienced aquarists for their hardiness. In a combination similar to the classic aquarium driftwood with plants, this Anubias is securely attached to a coconut shell. In the center of the whole coconut, there is a specially drilled hole to serve as a hiding spot for fish. This unique décor not only adds to the aesthetic appeal of your tank but also provides practical benefits such as shelter and breeding spaces for species like Ancistrus catfish (plecos). Our Anubias on a coconut cave can become an attractive and functional centerpiece for your tank.

Anubias are known for their hardiness, thriving in various water conditions and requiring minimal maintenance. This plant is highly adaptable and can be grown submerged, partially submerged, or even emersed in paludariums. The leaves of Anubias are typically broad, dark green, and ovate, with a tough texture that makes them less prone to being eaten by herbivorous fish. Its slow growth rate makes it ideal for low-maintenance aquariums. This plant can tolerate very low light but can also grow under higher light conditions without much issue. It also does not require CO2 supplementation to grow well.

Whether you are looking for an alternative to traditional aquarium driftwood or seeking a unique way to incorporate plants into your tank, an Anubias on a coconut cave offers an ideal solution. This piece not only recreates the natural cave required by some species for breeding but also offers a place for fish and shrimp to retreat and feel safe. Upgrade your aquatic setup with an Anubias on a coconut cave, and enjoy a healthier, more dynamic aquarium.

Aponogeton crispus, the Crinkled Aponogeton, is an easy-to-grow bulb plant that thrives in medium to low-light aquariums. The plant has narrow, wavy leaves that are typically light green and slightly translucent. However, when exposed to high levels of light, the leaves turn a beautiful bronze or orange colour.

This plant is well-suited for beginner aquarists as it is more forgiving in its requirements than many other Aponogeton species. It prefers a slightly acidic to neutral pH range of 6.5-7.5 and a water temperature between 22-28°C. It can also tolerate a wide range of water hardness, making it a versatile addition to any aquarium.

Aponogeton crispus grows from a bulb, which should be planted with the upper portion above the substrate. The plant will grow well with regular fertilisation and a substrate rich in nutrients.

Overall, this is a beautiful and low-maintenance plant that can add colour and texture to any aquarium. Its ability to thrive in low-light environments and forgiving nature make it a great choice for both novice and experienced aquarists.

Aponogeton elongatus, the Queensland Lace Plant, is a rare and attractive Australian native aquatic plant with bright green, wavy leaves. This plant is fast growing and has the ability to tolerate a wide range of water parameters, making it a popular choice for both novice and experienced aquarists.

What sets Aponogeton elongatus apart from other Aponogeton species is its ability to grow in relatively cold water and low light conditions. While some Aponogeton species require high levels of light to thrive, the Queensland Lace Plant can still grow and develop its distinct appearance in less high-tech aquariums.

Under ideal conditions, the undulating leaves of Aponogeton elongatus can grow up to 60cm in length. This makes it a great choice for larger, deeper tanks - especially those with good flow. It is important to note that this plant requires a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive, and regular fertilisation is recommended.

Overall, Aponogeton elongatus is a beautiful addition to the aquarium, and its ability to adapt to various water parameters and lighting conditions make it a versatile choice.

Aponogeton tofus, commonly known as the Pink Lace Plant, is a stunning aquatic plant native to Australia. With its colourful appearance and graceful leaves, it is a unique choice for biotypes and high tech planted aquariums. This is the red form of this particular species, which can display a striking bright pink colour under specific conditions.

To achieve the vibrant pink colour in your aquarium, high lighting, low nitrate levels, and CO2 injection is necessary. While these conditions may be challenging to maintain, the reward is an exquisite and unique display that will make a striking centerpiece in the aquarium.

However, even under standard conditions, this plant still maintains a beautiful maroon-brown colouration that is sure to catch the eye. It can also adapt to low light conditions, where it will grow with entirely green leaves. This versatility makes it a great choice for both beginners and experienced aquarists.

Aponogeton tofus is a bulb plant, meaning it can go dormant and shed its leaves for a period of time. This is a natural process, and the plant will regrow once the conditions are suitable. To promote new growth, regular fertilisation is recommended. It is also essential to maintain stable water parameters and provide adequate lighting for the plant's overall health and well-being.

The Pink Lace Plant is a relatively easy plant to care for, and it can add a touch of elegance and sophistication to any aquarium. It is not a particularly fast growing plant, so patience is required when waiting for it to mature. However, the beauty it brings is worth the wait. With its colourful, strap-like leaves the Pink Lace Plant makes for an exquisite addition to the aquarium whether you are a beginner or an experienced aquarist.

Aponogeton undulatus, commonly known as the Undulate Leaf Aponogeton, is an interesting aquarium plant due to its unique self-propagating abilities. It is one of only three self-propagating Aponogetons, the others being the Australian native Aponogeton prolifer, and the Sri Lankan Aponogeton dassanayakei. This plant does not produce flower spikes - instead, new plantlets grow from the ends of the stalks, similar to Echinodorus species. These plantlets can be detached once their bulb has formed and they have sufficient roots, making propagation of this plant easy and straightforward.

The Undulate Leaf Aponogeton is a fast-growing plant with large, lanceolate, wavy leaves. The rectangular areas between the veins on the leaves are of varying shades of green, resulting in a unique checkered pattern. It grows best in medium light and nutrient-rich water, but can also tolerate lower lighting conditions. This plant is ideal for taller aquariums with good water flow, as it can grow up to 50cm in length.

In terms of care, this plant is relatively undemanding and can adapt to a wide range of water parameters. However, it does require occasional pruning of old leaves to prevent overcrowding and to promote healthy growth. Additionally, regular fertilisation and carbon dioxide injection can help to enhance the plant's growth and colouration.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius cordifolius 'Marble Queen', commonly known as Echinodorus Marble Queen, is a beautiful aquarium plant and one of the most popular cultivars of Aquarius. It is named after the attractive marbled variegation on the emerse form of its leaves, with shades of green and creamy white. Under moderate lighting, the submersed form of this plant generally grows light lime-green leaves. The plant has broad, oval-shaped leaves that can grow up to 30cm in length, making it an excellent choice for large aquariums.

Echinodorus Marble Queen is a hardy species that can tolerate a wide range of water conditions. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral water, with a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. While it can tolerate lower light levels, it does best with moderate to high lighting. In terms of care, the plant needs a nutrient-rich substrate and regular fertilisation to thrive. It can also benefit from CO2 injection, which can promote faster and healthier growth.

One of the great things about the Echinodorus Marble Queen is its size and bushy growth habit, lending itself to many different aquarium setups. It can be used as a specimen plant, to perfectly fill in a corner, or even as a midground plant in larger aquariums. Its lush green leaves create a stunning focal point in any aquascape.

With its lush appearance and relatively low maintenance needs, Aquarius cordifolius 'Marble Queen' is a great option for both beginners and experienced aquarists alike. The Echinodorus Marble Queen is a versatile and attractive addition to any aquarium and with its hardy nature and oval leaves, it is sure to grow well in any aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Echinodorus Devil's Eye is a popular hybrid of Aquarius uruguayensis 'Horemanii Red' and Aquarius 'Barthii'. It is considered to be a medium sized Aquarius that will grow up to 20cm in height. Its leaves are broad and lanceolate with distinct red leaf veins. With good lighting, a bright red, net-like pattern appears on the leaves, which makes this plant stand out in any aquarium. This gradually changes with age to become a light green leaf with a bright red colouration along the edges and veins.

Echinodorus Devil's Eye is a relatively easy plant to care for and is suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists. It thrives in a range of water parameters, including a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0, and a wide range of water hardness. This plant prefers moderate to high lighting conditions and benefits from the addition of CO2 supplementation. In optimal conditions, it can grow quite quickly and old leaves may need to be pruned regularly to keep it under control.

Like many other aquarium plants, Echinodorus Devil's Eye is also beneficial to the aquarium ecosystem. It can help to absorb excess nutrients, such as nitrates and phosphates, from the water, which can improve water quality and reduce the risk of algae blooms. The plant also provides a hiding place for fish and other aquatic creatures, making them feel more secure and reducing stress levels.

When adding Echinodorus Devil's Eye to an aquarium, it is important to plant it properly to ensure that it can establish itself and grow well. The plant should be planted deeply enough so that its roots are covered by substrate, but its crown should not be buried. With the right care and maintenance, it can thrive and provide a beautiful and functional addition to any aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius x gabrielii, commonly known as Echinodorus Gabrielii, is a very rare, low growing sword plant with a complex lineage. First discovered as a species in 1990, it has more recently been determined to be a natural hybrid. In many ways it is similar to Aquarius × portoalegrensis 'Opacus' (another confusing hybrid with a complex lineage and many varieties, including plants like the Echinodorus Iguazu 2009).

It is an advanced-level aquarium plant and requires more careful attention to its lighting and nutrient requirements than some of the easier growing Aquarius. Flourishing under strong lighting conditions, this plant thrives when provided with a substantial nutrient supply, including substrate nutrients. Its low-growing nature sets it apart from other sword plants, with leaves that span only 5 to 8 cm in length. Notably succulent compared to other Aquarius species, these leaves may sometimes grow curling to one side or have a distinctive 'crispy' appearance. They grow outwards, spreading flat along the substrate. Mature plants measure approximately 15cm in width and 5cm in height.

Positioned best in a well-lit open space within the foreground of your aquarium, Aquarius x gabrielii's short stature can bring a sense of depth to your aquarium. The leaves have prominent veins, and under strong lighting, the newer leaves grow with a tan-orange colouration between the veins. This sword plant is a perfect choice for those who appreciate the challenge of growing a rare and slow growing species in the aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Green Flame', commonly known as Echinodorus Green Flame or the Green Flame Sword, is a popular and attractive Aquarius cultivar. With its strong patterned leaves and striking colours, it adds an eye-catching element to any aquarium. This plant features mostly dark red to brown, mottled young leaves which boldly stand out in the aquarium. These become greener with less blotching as the leaves mature.

The Green Flame Sword is a relatively easy plant to care for, making it an excellent choice for both experienced and beginner aquarists. It can thrive in a variety of conditions, including low to high light. In addition to its striking appearance and ease of care, the Green Flame Sword is also beneficial for maintaining the water quality in your aquarium. Like other Aquarius species, it can absorb excess nutrients from the water and oxygenate the tank. This helps to keep the water clean and clear, creating a healthy and comfortable environment for fish and other aquatic life.

When planting the Green Flame Sword, it is important to consider its size and growth habit. The plant can grow fairly large, so it is recommended to plant it in the background of a smaller aquarium or in the midground of a larger tank. Additionally, providing adequate nutrition in the form of root tabs or liquid fertilizers can help promote healthy growth and strong colouration.

Aquarius 'Green Flame' is a stunning and easy-to-care-for plant that can bring life and vibrancy to your aquarium. With its bold colour patterns, it is a popular choice for aquarists of all experience levels.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Green Ozelot', commonly known as Echinodorus Green Ozelot, is a stunning sword plant that can make an excellent addition to the aquarium. The plant features vibrant green leaves with dark blotches that become more pronounced in high light conditions. This hybrid of Aquarius x schlueteri and Aquarius 'Barthii' is relatively undemanding, but it does appreciate a nutritious substrate to grow its best. The Green Ozelot Sword is an excellent plant for creating a natural-looking aquascape, and it pairs well with other plants and hardscape elements.

Aquarius 'Green Ozelot' is a very easy plant to care for in the aquarium. It can thrive in a variety of water conditions and lighting levels, making it a versatile choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists. However, to promote optimal growth, it is recommended to provide the plant with a nutrient-rich substrate and regular fertilisation.

The Green Ozelot Sword can grow 20-50cm tall depending on its environment, making it suitable for medium to large-sized aquariums. When provided with the right conditions, this plant can grow relatively quickly, and it is essential to ensure that it has enough space to spread out. Trimming the plant regularly can help to prevent it from becoming too large and overtaking the aquarium.

This beautiful Aquarius is an excellent option for many different types of aquascapes and its unique green and dark blotched leaves make it a popular choice among aquarists.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius grisebachii, commonly known as Echinodorus grisebachii or the Amazon Sword, is a classic and popular choice for aquarium enthusiasts. This plant grows in a typical rosette form with large, bright green leaves. Aquarius grisebachii is a relatively easy species to care for and can tolerate a range of water conditions, including low light. To achieve optimal growth and vibrant colouration, a nutrient-rich substrate is recommended.

The Amazon Sword is a great option for beginner aquarists as it is a hardy plant that can adapt to different environments. It is a great space filler and will spread its oval-shaped leaves out in a fan-like shape, creating a striking display. As the natural habitat for this species is the Amazon basin, it prefers warm water temperatures ranging from 22-28°C and a pH between 6.5 and 7.5.

This plant is an excellent choice for aquascaping because it can be used as a centerpiece or as a background plant. It is versatile and makes an impact in both large and small aquariums.

The Amazon Sword makes a great staple plant for a variety of aquascapes, with its beautiful large leaves providing a contrast to your red, orange and yellow plants in the aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius grisebachii 'Parviflorus Tropica', commonly known as Echinodorus Parviflorus Tropica, is a miniature sword plant that is perfect for smaller aquariums. With its small size and low growth habit, it only reaches a height of about 10cm, making it an excellent choice for nano aquariums or foreground plantings.

The leaves of Echinodorus Parviflorus Tropica are dark green and have a crinkled texture, which adds to the plant's unique appearance. Despite its small size, this plant has sturdy leaves that can withstand a range of water conditions, making it an ideal choice for beginner aquarists.

This Aquarius cultivar grows best in a nutrient-rich substrate and with a moderate light level. When provided with these conditions, Echinodorus Parviflorus Tropica will flourish and produce new leaves regularly. It is also tolerant of a wide range of water parameters, including pH, temperature, and hardness.

The Tropica Dwarf Sword Plant is an excellent choice for aquarists who want a small, easy-to-care-for plant with a unique appearance. Its low growth habit and compact size make it perfect for aquascaping smaller aquariums, and its hardiness makes it a great choice for beginner aquarists.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Kleiner Bär', commonly known as Echinodorus Small Bear, is a nice aquatic plant that doesn't grow as large as some of the other Aquarius cultivars. This medium-sized swordplant features densely bunched wide oval leaves on petioles that are almost as long as the leaf itself. The plant can grow up to 30 cm in height, making it perfect for mid to background placement in the aquarium.

One of the most striking features of this plant is the colouration of its leaves. Depending on the lighting conditions, the broad leaves can grow in shades of brown, green, and even brick red, creating a captivating and dynamic display. The plant does best in high light conditions, which will help to enhance its unique colours and patterns.

In addition to its aesthetic appeal, Echinodorus Small Bear is also relatively easy to care for. It thrives in a nutrient-rich substrate and benefits from regular fertilisation. The plant does well in a range of water hardness and pH levels and can be grown in both low-tech and high-tech aquarium setups.

Whether you're a seasoned aquarium enthusiast or a beginner, Aquarius 'Kleiner Bär' is a great choice for adding a touch of colour to your tank. Its unique leaf shapes and varying colouration make it a standout specimen that will draw your eye in the aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius Lothario, commonly known as Echinodorus Lothario, is an attractive and bushy, medium-sized Aquarius cultivar. With its wide heart-shaped leaves, this plant looks great as a centerpiece in the aquascape. Growing to a height of 25-30 cm, it works best in medium to large aquariums.

The leaves of Aquarius Lothario are broadly lanceolate in shape, with a beautiful reddish-brown colouration. Depending on the lighting conditions, the leaves can display a range of captivating hues. Under high-intensity light, the newest leaves take on a striking coppery-red colour, gradually transitioning to a bronze-green as they age. In lower light settings, the newer leaves grow with an orange colouration.

The leaves of Aquarius Lothario also have an intricate network of darker-coloured veins. Although slightly less prominent than in other cultivars like 'Devil's Eye', these veins contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of the plant. As the leaves mature, they also develop wavy edges.

Like all Aquarius plants, the Lothario Sword Plant is a heavy root feeder, and it will benefit from a nutrient-rich substrate such as aqua soil or a specialized planted tank substrate. Its subtle reddish-brown foliage and easy care requirements make it an excellent choice for both novice and experienced hobbyists looking to add a pop of colour to their aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius major, commonly known as Echinodorus major, the Ruffle Leaf Sword, or previously as Echinodorus martii, is a popular aquarium plant among hobbyists. This species is recognized by its vibrant, bright green leaves that are distinguishable by their ruffled, fluted edges. The leaves can grow up to 40cm in length and are more upright compared to other Aquarius cultivars.

The Ruffle Leaf Sword is a fast-growing plant that can reach up to 40 cm in height under optimal conditions. It is a hardy plant and can tolerate a wide range of water parameters, although it prefers moderate lighting and nutrient-rich substrates. It is best used as a centerpiece in the aquarium, or planted in the background to create a stunning green wall effect.

Propagation of the Ruffle Leaf Sword is done by separating the adventitious plants that grow on the flower stalks of the mother plant. These plantlets can be replanted directly in the substrate, and they will soon establish their own roots and begin to grow. Regular trimming of the plant is necessary to maintain its desired height and shape.

This plant can thrive in a variety of water conditions, but it benefits from regular fertilisation and CO2 supplementation, which will make the ruffled edges more pronounced. As with all aquatic plants, proper maintenance is important for the continued health and longevity of the plant. With proper care, Aquarius major can make a beautiful addition to any aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Oriental', commonly known as Echinodorus Oriental, is a beautiful plant that will add a splash of pink to your aquarium. This Aquarius cultivar is known for its inner rosette of these wide, slightly translucent, bright pink leaves. In lower light conditions, the older leaves will turn green more quickly.

The Oriental Sword Plant is a relatively easy plant to care for and is a good choice for both beginner and experienced aquarium hobbyists. It requires moderate lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. The plant will benefit from regular fertilisation with a balanced liquid fertilizer to ensure it has all the nutrients it needs to grow and maintain its vibrant colour.

This Aquarius cultivar will grow to be quite large, with the potential to reach up to 50 cm in height. It normally grows smaller than this however, making it a great choice for a centerpiece plant. Its unique colour and shape contrasts well with the green hues of other plants in the aquarium, and its sturdy leaves can provide a hiding place for small fish and shrimp.

Like all Aquarius plants, the Oriental Sword Plant is a heavy root feeder, and it will benefit from a nutrient-rich substrate such as aqua soil or a specialized planted tank substrate. Its beautiful pink leaves and easy care requirements make it an excellent choice for both novice and experienced hobbyists looking to add a pop of colour to their aquascape.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Rainers Felix', commonly known as Echinodorus Rainers Felix is an attractive and hardy aquatic plant that can be a great addition to any aquarium. This Aquarius cultivar is a medium-sized sword plant that is known for its striking red-brown inner leaves that develop a beautiful pattern of spots as they mature. The leaf blades of this cultivar are relatively narrow and have an undulating margin, which adds a touch of visual interest to the plant.

In terms of care, Echinodorus Rainers Felix is a relatively undemanding species and can thrive in a range of conditions. It does well in moderate lighting and can benefit from a nutrient-rich substrate. Providing higher lighting will bring out even more colouration in the leaves. This plant prefers a slightly acidic to neutral pH range and can tolerate a wide range of water hardness levels. Like most Aquarius species, Rainers Felix Sword Plant is a heavy root feeder and benefits from a nutritious substrate and regular fertilisation.

Rainers Felix Sword Plant is a great plant for aquarists who want to add a touch of colour and pattern to their aquarium without having to spend a lot of time and effort on maintenance. It is a hardy and versatile plant that can be used as a background or midground plant in larger aquariums, or as a centerpiece plant in smaller setups. With its striking colouration and unique leaf shape, Aquarius 'Rainers Felix' is sure to make a statement in any aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Red Flame', commonly known as Echinodorus Red Flame, is a colourful and easy to care for sword plant. It is a hybrid variety of Aquarius, developed through cross-breeding several different Aquarius 'Ozelet'-type cultivars. While this plant can grow in quite dim light, under high light the young leaves develop a bright speckled pattern. These leaves are a vibrant red colour, with some variegation and hints of green. The blotch pattern is stronger and denser than in the similar Aquarius 'Ozelot'. The leaves are also slightly wavy, giving the leaves a unique texture and shape.

The Red Flame Sword prefers medium to high light and nutrient-rich substrate to grow well. CO2 injection is not necessary but will improve the growth rate and colouration of the plant. It has a moderate growth rate and is a medium-size Aquarius in the aquarium, suitable for tanks from 30cm high. It is a very hardy plant that can tolerate a wide range of water parameters, making it an excellent choice for community tanks.

In terms of maintenance, the Red Flame Sword is relatively undemanding. It benefits from regular fertilisation, especially with iron-rich supplements, to enhance its colouration. It can also benefit from occasional trimming to maintain its shape and prevent it from overshadowing other plants in the aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Red October', commonly known as Echinodorus Red October, is a stunning bright red Aquarius cultivar that makes for a bold and eye-catching addition to the aquarium. With wide, oval-shaped leaves, this medium-sized plant can grow to around 30cm in height, making it perfect for mid-ground placement in the aquarium.

Under high light, the leaves of the Echinodorus Red October develop a beautiful russet red colouration that contrasts nicely against the greens of other plants in the aquarium. The colouration intensifies towards the tips of the leaves and can be almost entirely red under optimal conditions. In lower light, the plant will display less intense colouration, with more green visible in the older leaves.

Echinodorus Red October is a moderately demanding plant that requires more care than some of the other Aquarius cultivars to thrive. A nutrient-rich substrate is recommended, and CO2 injection can also be beneficial for growth and colouration. Strong lighting is recommended, as without adequate lighting the leaves may become smaller and less intense in colouration, and the plant may not reach its full potential.

Overall, Echinodorus Red October is a beautiful and striking plant that can add a bold splash of colour to your aquarium. With the right care and conditions, this plant can thrive and become a focal point in the aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Red Ozelot', commonly known as Echinodorus Red Ozelot, is a beautiful aquatic plant that is popular among aquarists for its colourful appearance and undemanding care requirements. It is a cross of Aquarius x schlueteri and Aquarius 'Barthii'. The plant has a compact and relatively small size compared to other Aquarius cultivars, making it ideal for smaller aquariums.

The Red Ozelot Sword has elongated leaves that grow up to a maximum of 30 cm in length when mature. The leaves have a beautiful tan colouration with red-brown spots and veins. Under high light conditions, most of the younger leaves can develop a deep red colour, which adds a stunning contrast to the older leaves.

This Aquarius cultivar is undemanding and relatively easy to care for. It prefers a nutrient-rich substrate, moderate to high lighting, and regular fertilisation to promote healthy growth and colouration. It is also tolerant of a wide range of water parameters, including pH, temperature, and hardness.

Like many aquarium plants, the Red Ozelot Sword helps to oxygenate the water, absorb excess nutrients, and provide hiding places and spawning sites for fish and other aquatic organisms. This beautiful and easy-to-care-for rosette plant can add variety to the aquarium with its bright colours and leaf patterns. Along with its low maintenance requirements, this makes it a popular choice among both novice and experienced aquarists.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Regine Hildebrandt', commonly known as Echinodorus Regine Hildebrandt, is a beautiful and colourful plant that can add bright red foliage to the aquarium. Unlike many other Aquarius cultivars, the leaves of this sword plant hardly fade with age, staying red under moderate and high lighting.

This cultivar is a hybrid of Aquarius 'Ozelot' and Aquarius 'Kleiner Bär' (not Aquarius uruguayensis 'Horemanii Red' as is occasionally credited). It can be considered a bright red alternative to Aquarius 'Kleiner Bär', and grows in much the same way, albeit slightly slower and smaller.

One of the features of this cultivar is that the leaves don't start growing directly from the rosette, but instead have a short stalk (petiole). The leaves are 10cm long and 5cm wide with a slight waviness. They grow with a blood red colouration in high light and good conditions, a deep red orange in moderate light conditions, and maroon brown in low light conditions.

Aquarius 'Regine Hildebrandt' is easy to care for. It is a hardy plant that can adapt to a wide range of water conditions, and it is not particularly demanding in terms of fertilisation or CO2 injection. However, for optimal growth and colouration, it is recommended to provide the plant with a nutrient-rich substrate, regular fertilisation, and a consistent supply of CO2.

Echinodorus Regine Hildebrandt is quite a small sized sword plant that usually doesn't exceed 15-20cm in height, making it suitable for both large and small aquariums. This bright red Aquarius is a plant that is sure to stand out as a display plant in any aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Rose', commonly known as Echinodorus Rose, is a beautiful and colourful aquarium plant that can add a touch of pink to the aquarium. With its hot pink leaves that fade to orange and yellow-green with age, this plant is sure to make a stunning centerpiece in any aquascape.

To maintain its vibrant colours, Echinodorus Rose requires high light and good growing conditions. With the right amount of light and nutrients, most of its leaves will remain a bright pink, creating a stunning contrast against the greenery of other plants in the tank. In lower light conditions, the older leaves will turn green faster, and the new leaves will more of a tan colouration.

In addition to its stunning appearance, Echinodorus Rose is also easy to care for. It is a hardy plant that can adapt to a wide range of water conditions, and it is not particularly demanding in terms of fertilisation or CO2 injection. However, for optimal growth and colouration, it is recommended to provide the plant with a nutrient-rich substrate, regular fertilisation, and a consistent supply of CO2.

Echinodorus Rose is a medium-sized plant that can grow up to 40cm in height, making it suitable for both large and medium sized aquariums. It can be planted in the midground or background of the tank and will create a stunning focal point when grown in groups in larger aquaria. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced aquarist, this plant is sure to impress with its stunning colours and easy care requirements.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius x schlueteri, commonly known as Echinodorus Schlueteri or the Mini Swordplant, is a natural Aquarius hybrid with bright green leaves. This plant is believed to be a cross between Aquarius x maculatus and Aquarius reptilis, but has a complex lineage. The Schlueteri Sword is a popular plant in the aquarium hobby, thanks to its ease of care, attractive appearance, and tolerance for a wide range of water conditions.

The Schlueteri Sword has roundish leaves on petioles that are about as long as the leaf itself. The leaves can develop slight spotting, and are light green in colour. This is one of the smaller Aquarius types, and will generally grow to 15-25cm in height. This plant is a great option for aquarists looking to add a lush and green look to a smaller tank.

In terms of care, the Schlueteri Sword is a fairly undemanding plant. It can grow in a range of lighting conditions, but moderate to high light is recommended for optimal growth and colouration. The plant prefers nutrient-rich substrate and benefits from regular fertilisation. CO2 injection is not necessary, but it can help promote faster and more robust growth. The Schlueteri Sword is a hardy plant that can adapt to a range of water parameters, making it a great option for beginners.

This is an attractive and easy-to-care-for aquatic plant that can add a lush green look to your aquarium. Its bright green colour and interesting leaves make it a great addition to any aquascape, and its tolerance for a range of water conditions makes it an excellent choice for aquarists of all skill levels.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Tanzende Feuerfeder', commonly known as Echinodorus Fire Feather, is a large and eye-catching sword plant that is sure to stand out in any aquarium. This cultivar has long and narrow leaves that can grow up to 50cm in length and 6cm in width. When the leaves are new, they emerge pink with dark streaks and flecks across the surface, which make them look like they are dancing in the water (hence the cultivar name, 'dancing fire-feather'). As the leaves age, they slowly fade to a light green colouration.

Echinodorus Fire Feather is a relatively fast-growing plant that requires moderate lighting and regular fertilisation to thrive. It is recommended to provide a nutrient-rich substrate for this plant to grow well. This plant can be grown both as a submerged plant in aquariums and as an emersed plant in large paludariums.

Echinodorus Fire Feather can be used as a background or centerpiece plant in large aquariums, where it can provide a striking contrast to other green plants. Its vibrant and colourful central leaves create a focal point in the aquarium and can draw the eye towards it, adding an exciting touch to your aquarium setup.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius 'Tricolour', commonly known as Echinodorus Tricolour, is an elegant plant which gets its name from the three distinct shades of green that each leaf goes through as it matures, creating a beautiful subdued display in your tank.

As a medium-sized Aquarius, this plant is perfect for adding variety and interest to your aquascape without overpowering it. And with leaves that only range in shades of green, Echinodorus Tricolour is perfect for those looking for a plant with a more natural look.

But don't let its natural appearance fool you - this plant is anything but boring. As each leaf matures, it transforms, with white or very pale green young leaves that become light green with age, then finally turning a deep, rich dark green. This transformation creates a nice contrast in the plant, and makes a nice display in the aquarium.

Echinodorus Tricolour is also a relatively easy plant to care for, making it perfect for both beginner and experienced aquarists. With medium lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate, this plant will thrive in your aquarium.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Aquarius uruguayensis, commonly known as Echinodorus Uruguayensis, is a beautiful and versatile plant that can be a great addition to any aquarium. This plant has a bright green colouration and long, narrow leaves that are strongly veined and slightly transparent. With the right conditions, new leaves can have a reddish tint, adding some colour variation to your aquarium.

One of the great features of this plant is its ability to grow a tight rosette of upright-growing leaves. It is quite a unique Aquarius species, and often times more resembles an Aponogeton species than some of the other types of Aquarius. It can be a bushy plant, and can fill out the background of a tank nicely. The Uruguayensis Sword is a medium to large-sized plant and can grow up to 40 cm tall, so make sure you have enough space in your tank before adding it.

Like most Echinodorus plants, the Uruguayensis Sword is relatively easy to care for. It prefers moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate, but it can tolerate a wide range of water conditions. It's a fast grower, which means it can quickly fill out the tank, and it's also a great plant for providing oxygen to the aquarium.

Aquarius uruguayensis is a great plant that can add an interesting look to your aquarium with its bright green colouration, unique leaf structure, and versatile growth habit.

The classification of this plant, along with almost all other 'Echinodorus' grown in the aquarium hobby, has recently been revised - these plants now belong to the new 'Aquarius' genus.

Once considered its own species, Aquarius 'Horemanii', is now known to be a form of the highly variable Aquarius uruguayensis. This is a bright red variety with long, narrow leaves that are strongly veined and slightly transparent. New leaves grow pink-red and fade to a darker red in moderate light. Under high light the whole plant will remain red while under lower light, the leaves will get greener with age, beginning with the leaf veins.

One of the great features of this plant is its ability to grow a tight rosette of upright-growing leaves. It is quite a unique Aquarius species, and often times more resembles an Aponogeton species than some of the other types of Aquarius. It can be a bushy plant, and can fill out the background of a tank nicely. Echinodorus Horemanii Red is a medium to large-sized plant and can grow up to 40 cm tall.

Like most Echinodorus plants, Aquarius uruguayensis varieties are relatively easy to care for. It prefers moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate, but it can tolerate a wide range of water conditions. It's a fast grower, which means it can quickly fill out the tank, and it's also a great plant for providing oxygen to the aquarium.

Aquarius uruguayensis 'Horemanii Red' is a great plant that can add an interesting look to your aquarium with its vibrant red colouration, unique leaf structure, and versatile growth habit.

Azolla pinnata, the Ferny Azolla, is a floating aquatic fern that is easy to grow in aquariums and ponds. It is an Australian native species that grows rapidly and provides excellent surface coverage. In shady conditions this plant has a bright green colour, and under high light it turns a brilliant red.

Ferny Azolla is fairly easy to grow and requires minimal care. It is a hardy plant that can tolerate a range of water conditions, making it ideal for both beginners and experienced aquarists. It can be used to create a lush, green canopy on the water surface, which provides excellent shade for fish and helps to prevent algae growth.

Azolla pinnata is well suited for warm climates. Compared to Australia's other native Azolla species, Azolla rubra, there are are a few key differences in growth habit. Azolla pinnata is the more tropical species and generally grows smaller, with thinner leaves. Azolla rubra is sturdier, with more rounded rather than pointy lobes. Azolla rubra is also more tolerant of excess nutrients in the water column. Azolla pinnata tends to turn red more easily, but Azolla rubra will also grow red when nitrates are low in the water column.

This plant is larger than duckweed and can reach up to 1 cm in diameter. It is actually a fern, with highly adapted fronds that are finely dissected and give it a feathery appearance. These fronds break apart when they grow large enough, propagating across the surface of the water. The roots of Ferny Azolla are tiny and hair-like, which allows the plant to absorb nutrients directly from the water.

Ferny Azolla is an especially useful plant for tropical ponds, as it can be used to help remove excess phosphates from the water which can reduce algae. If you're looking for an easy-to-grow, visually striking plant to add to your pond or aquarium, Ferny Azolla is an excellent choice.

Azolla rubra, commonly called Pacific Azolla or the Red Water Fern, is an attractive native aquatic plant with a decorative moss-like appearance. It is a free-floating plant which can grow red or green depending on water parameters.

Azolla rubra is a fast growing plant which is also easy to care for. It will grow in a large range of water parameters and can tolerate cold temperatures down to 5°C. It will grow best under medium to high lighting and is a good choice for ponds in colder climates.

This species is often confused for Azolla filiculoides which used to be known in Australia as Azolla filiculoides var. rubra. It has since been classified as its own species: Azolla rubra. Azolla filiculoides is now considered a distinct species, only native to the Americas; while Azolla rubra is endemic to Australia and New Zealand.

Azolla rubra is well suited for cold climates. Compared to Australia's other native Azolla species, Azolla pinnata, there are are a few key differences in growth habit. Azolla pinnata is the more tropical species and generally grows smaller, with thinner leaves. Azolla rubra is sturdier, with more rounded rather than pointy lobes. It is also more tolerant of excess nutrients in the water column. Azolla pinnata tends to turn red more easily, but Azolla rubra will also grow red when nitrates are low in the water column.

Azolla rubra has distinctive fronds that are small, lobed, and finely dissected. They form compact clusters that break apart when they grow large enough, propagating across the surface of the water. Under favourable conditions Azolla can reproduce rapidly, forming dense cover that provides shade and shelter for aquatic organisms while reducing nutrient levels. This plant is larger than duckweed, and grows to about 2cm in diameter. The roots of Pacific Azolla are tiny and hair-like, which allows the plant to absorb nutrients directly from the water.

Bacopa caroliniana, commonly known as Giant Bacopa, is a popular aquarium plant that has been enjoyed by fish-keepers for many years. Its rigid, succulent stems and wide, alternating leaves make it an attractive addition to any tank. One of the best things about this plant is its hardiness and ease of care, making it ideal for beginners or those with less experience.

Under normal conditions, the leaves of Bacopa caroliniana are a lush green colour, which provides a lovely backdrop for fish. When exposed to high light conditions, the tips of the leaves will often turn orange, adding a splash of colour to your aquarium. This effect can be particularly striking when paired with contrasting green plants, such as Anubias or Java Fern.

Sometimes also known as Bacopa amplexicaulis, this plant can quickly fill out an aquarium, creating a lush and natural-looking environment for your fish. It is also very adaptable, able to thrive in a range of water conditions and light levels. This makes it an ideal plant for those who are new to aquarium keeping or who are looking for a low-maintenance addition to their tank.

If you are looking for an easy-to-care-for plant to add to your aquarium, Bacopa caroliniana is an excellent choice. Its hardiness and rapid growth rate make it a popular choice among fish-keepers, and its ability to add a splash of colour to your tank is sure to be appreciated.

Bacopa lanigera is an uncommon Bacopa species with larger leaves than B. caroliniana or B. monnieri. This plant is commonly known as Hairy Bacopa, due to the fuzzy, hair-like structures that cover its stems and leaves when growing out of water, giving it a soft, velvety appearance. This interesting texture also makes it a good choice as a marginal for ponds.

In the aquarium, Bacopa lanigera is best utilised as a midground plant where its bushy growth can be fully appreciated. It can also be used in the background of smaller tanks, where its large leaves and upright stems create a lush backdrop. Its round to oval leaves grow in twos or threes around the stem, and have a yellow-green colouration. The soft leaves also have a slight wave to the edges. In contrast, the stem is relatively thick and somewhat spongy.

This is a fairly wide stem plant, with a width ranging from 4cm to 8cm in ideal conditions. As the plant grows, it can be propagated by taking cuttings from the stem and replanting them in the substrate. The cuttings will quickly develop roots and continue to grow, allowing you to create dense clusters of this charming plant.

Hairy Bacopa is one of the more demanding Bacopa species to grow in the aquarium. This is a species that appreciates softer water between 0-7°dKH, a good nutrient supply including adequate iron, and CO2 supplementation. It does best under high lighting, but will also tolerate moderate lighting given its other requirements are met. In high tech tanks this is a fast growing stem plant, otherwise it grows slow to moderately fast. With trimming, this plant will form a leafy bush of many stems.

As a marginal pond plant, this species is easier to grow, and will tolerate a larger range of water parameters. Bacopa lanigera will grow well in a range of temperatures, from 16-32°C, although temperatures above 20 °C are recommended.

Bacopa monnieri, commonly known as Water Hyssop, is a versatile and easy-to-care-for plant that is native to Australia. This aquatic plant can thrive in a wide range of water and lighting conditions, making it a popular choice for both novice and experienced aquarists.

One of the most interesting features of Bacopa monnieri is its ability to tolerate brackish water up to 15 parts per thousand (ppt), making it an ideal plant for brackish aquariums or paludariums. It can also tolerate low light and a range of water temperatures, from 15°C to 30°C.

Bacopa monnieri has bright green leaves that are thinner and narrower than those of the similar Bacopa caroliniana. The leaves grow in opposite pairs along the stem and can form dense, bushy growth if trimmed regularly. It can be grown as a midground or background plant, depending on the size of the aquarium.

This is a hardy and versatile plant that can adapt to a wide range of aquarium conditions, making it a great choice for both beginners and experienced aquarists looking to add some greenery to their aquatic environment.

Bacopa salzmannii, also known as Purple Bacopa, is a stunning stem plant with vibrant purple colouration that remains even in less than optimal growth conditions. With its small leaves and succulent stems, this plant adds a unique look to any aquarium. Under low light conditions, the leaves appear greener with a visible red vein at the center. However, with additional CO2 and high lighting, the plant's growth will accelerate, and its colouration will become even more vibrant.

When planted in groups, Bacopa salzmannii creates a lush, bushy effect that works well in the foreground or midground of the aquarium. The plant can be propagated by taking stem cuttings and replanting them in the substrate. With proper care and maintenance, this fast-growing plant can quickly fill in a space and provide a striking visual impact.

Blyxa aubertii 'Red' is a stunning and uncommon native aquatic plant that brings a vibrant splash of colour to the aquarium. With striking red to pink leaves under high light, this plant makes a captivating midground display in planted tanks. This species was previously mistakenly known as Blyxa novoguineensis, but has now been identified to be a variety of Blyxa aubertii

The long, narrow leaves of Red Blyxa grow in dense clusters, forming a bushy grass-like appearance. This plant can grow to around 30cm in height, but often remains smaller. It will also generally not grow taller than the height of the tank or drape across the water surface like Blyxa sp. 'Vallisneroides'.

Red Blyxa is relatively easy to care for, and can tolerate a range of water parameters. A slightly acidic to neutral pH and temperatures above 22°C are ideal for its growth. This plant will thrive in a nutrient-rich substrate and is particularly responsive to high lighting and CO2 supplementation, which help bring out its intense red colouration. In lower light conditions, this plant will grow with green leaves, so those aiming to maintain its vivid red appearance should provide strong illumination and an ample supply of nutrients. Nitrate limitation is especially effective in bringing out reds in this species.

Propagation of Red Blyxa is straightforward, occurring naturally through the development of side shoots. These offshoots can be carefully separated from the main plant and replanted to form new clusters, eventually creating a lush bush of red foliage.

Compared to Blyxa echinosperma, the leaves of Blyxa aubertii 'Red' are much stiffer. While they grow to a similar maximum height of 30cm, the firmer leaves of Blyxa aubertii splay more to the sides, and so will form a denser bush.

Red Blyxa is an excellent choice for aquascapers looking to add a pop of colour to their tank and pairs especially well with the green Blyxa echinosperma for contrast in the aquarium.

Blyxa echinosperma, the Soft Blyxa, is an Australian native plant with long, bright-green leaves. This species was previously grouped in with Blyxa aubertii, but is now recognised as its own species. It grows well with ample lighting and makes an ideal centrepiece plant.

In terms of care, Blyxa echinosperma requires moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. In ideal conditions, this plant can grow fairly large, making it a great option for mid- to background areas in larger aquariums. Additionally, iron supplementation and CO2 injection can help promote faster and healthier growth, as well as enhance the plant's bright green colouration.

Compared to other Blyxa species like Blyxa aubertii, Blyxa echinosperma generally has thinner, softer and more delicate leaves, and does not form daughter plants as readily, until it reaches maturity. Under a microscope, the seeds of Blyxa echinosperma have a long projection from each end while Blyxa aubertii does not.

The leaves of Soft Blyxa will grow to around 30cm in height, but can also be trimmed down as required. Being quite flexible, this is a great plant for tanks with a gentle current, where the leaves can wave around with the flow.

Blyxa echinosperma is generally a low-maintenance plant, however regular pruning will help keep it smaller. It can also be propagated by separating its shoots and replanting them in the substrate.

Blyxa japonica, also known as Japanese Blyxa, is a bushy, grass-like stem plant with a relatively slow growth rate. While it is similar to Blyxa aubertii, this plant behaves much more like a stem plant and is easier to propagate. It is also much smaller in size, making it a great option for smaller aquariums.

This plant features long, thin stems with bright green, grass-like leaves that grow in a tight rosette. It is a relatively slow-growing plant that requires moderate to high lighting and nutrient-rich substrate to thrive.

Japanese Blyxa is a versatile plant that can be used in various aquarium layouts, including as a foreground, midground, or even background plant, depending size and layout of the tank. To promote healthy growth and maintain its vibrant green colouration, Japanese Blyxa also benefits from the addition of CO2 and regular iron supplementation.

Overall, Blyxa japonica is a hardy and attractive plant that is well-suited for aquariums of various sizes and styles. Its unique appearance and growth habit make it a highly sought-after addition to any aquascape.

Blyxa sp. 'Vallisneroides', the Ribbon-leaf Blyxa, is a rare aquatic plant that stands out due to its impressive height and uniquely long, ribbon-like leaves. Unlike most other Blyxa species, which are known for their compact and bushy growth, this particular species can reach up to 1 meter in leaf length, with its leaves gracefully draping across the water surface, creating a striking, natural look in the aquarium.

The elongated, ribbon-like leaves of Blyxa sp. 'Vallisneroides' bear a close resemblance to those of Vallisneria, a well-known aquatic plant often used in the background of planted tanks. However, unlike Vallisneria, this Blyxa species does not spread via runners. Instead, it reproduces by seeding underwater, with new plants emerging from these seeds within the aquarium. The leaves of this plant get up to 1cm wide, and spiral slighly on their way to the surface. The rosette can have up to 20 leaves on a mature plant.

Blyxa sp. 'Vallisneroides' does not form tight clumps like Blyxa aubertii, making it an ideal choice for those who want to create a natural, flowing background in their aquarium. Its towering leaves provide excellent cover for fish and other aquatic inhabitants, while also offering a beautiful, soft backdrop that enhances the overall aesthetic of the tank.

Ribbon-leaf Blyxa does not require very high lighting and will do well in moderately lit aquariums. This is a tropical species which prefers temperatures above 23° and appreciates a nutrient-rich substrate. CO2 supplementation is beneficial, helping to ensure the plant grows robustly and achieves its full potential in height. The plant can adapt to a range of water conditions, but slightly acidic to neutral pH and soft to moderately hard water are most favourable.

Blyxa sp. 'Vallisneroides' is a fantastic choice for aquascapers who wish to create a lush background in their tanks, with its tall, flowing leaves providing a dynamic contrast to other plants. This plant looks especially good in taller aquariums when provided with a good water current, where the leaves will wave around in the flow.

Bolbitis heudelotii, the African Water Fern, is a unique and very tolerant aquarium plant that originates from Africa. It is a slow-growing species, producing large, dark green leaves that are tolerant of low light and a range of water conditions. These delicate and translucent fronds create a beautiful and natural look in any aquarium.

To thrive, Bolbitis heudelotii requires moderately nutrient-rich water and medium lighting. High lighting is not recommended unless supplemented with CO2 injection, as this can lead to algal growth. It can be propagated by dividing the rhizome and attaching it to objects using fishing line thread or cyanoacrylate super glue. One of the best ways to enhance growth and promote vibrant colouration is by adding CO2 and fertilizers. When provided with these optimal conditions, the plant can grow into a lush, dense and beautiful bushy shape.

One interesting feature of this plant is the ability of its rhizome to attach itself to rocks or driftwood in the aquarium. If you would rather grow it in the subrate, take care as it can be difficult for the rhizome to grow properly. In this case it's best to bury the roots and leave the rhizome sitting on top of the substrate rather than burying it in the gravel. By attaching it to objects in the aquarium, the plant creates a more natural and dynamic look.

It is also an excellent plant for providing hiding spots for shy or small fish, and is often used to create natural and low-maintenance aquascapes.

Cardamine lyrata, Japanese Cress, is a delicate aquatic plant with a trailing growth habit. It is a great plant for aquascaping and is highly sought after for its unique look. The plant is smaller in size when compared to the similar-looking Hydrocotyle leucocephala, and can be wrapped around driftwood to resemble vines or used as a background plant.

The leaves of this species are light green, oval-shaped and slightly curved with a frilly, wavy edge. They are arranged opposite to each other along the stem and can grow up to 4 cm in length. Interestingly, the leaves grow larger in colder water, with this plant tolerating temperatures of 4°C - 27°C.

Cardamine lyrata is an easy-to-care-for plant that can thrive in a variety of aquarium setups. It prefers soft to medium-hard water and thrives in moderate to high lighting conditions. Moderately nutrient-rich water is recommended to support healthy growth. Additionally, adding CO2 to the water can help the plant grow more vigorously and prevent a leggy look.

In terms of propagation, Japanese Cress is easily grown from stem cuttings. It is a fast grower and can be trimmed and replanted to create new plants. It is also recommended to fertilize the plant with liquid fertilizers or root tabs to promote healthy growth and vibrant colouration.

Overall, Cardamine lyrata is a great choice for aquascapers looking to add a unique and delicate touch to their aquarium. Its trailing and vining growth habit, and delicate leaves make it a standout plant in any aquascape.

Ceratophyllum demersum, commonly known as Hornwort or Coontail, is a versatile native Australian plant that can be used in a variety of ways in aquariums and ponds. This plant is great for providing a hiding place for fish fry, as it creates dense, bushy foliage that can help protect small fish from predators.

Hornwort is a great natural filter for your water, as it absorbs excess nutrients from the water column, helping to keep your aquarium or pond clean and healthy. Hornwort is a staple plant for those who want to keep their pond algae under control, with its abilitly to quickly suck up excess phosphates and nitrogen. It is even thought to produce a natural algae growth inhibitor.

While Ceratophyllum is often used as a floating plant, it can also be placed into the substrate to be used as a stem plant. However, it's important to note that it does not form roots to attach itself, and can therefore be prone to floating away if not properly anchored. To prevent this, the plant can be secured to objects such as driftwood or rocks using fishing line or plant anchors.

Hornwort is a cold water and low light tolerant plant, making it a great option for aquariums and ponds with a variety of lighting and temperature conditions. It's a fast-growing plant, and can quickly create a lush, green environment in your aquatic space. It's a great choice for those looking to provide natural filtration and hiding places for fish fry in their aquarium or pond.

Ceratopteris pteridoides, the Floating Antler-fern, is a unique aquatic fern that grows and looks quite different to the closely related Ceratopteris thalictroides. This fern is characterised by its large, succulent lobed leaves, which enables it to float in a similar way to Hydrocharis laevigata.

It is a popular choice among aquarists with open tanks and has relatively undemanding care requirements. This fern does well in both low and moderate lighting conditions, although providing moderate to bright light encourages healthier growth and more vibrant foliage.

Ceratopteris pteridoides develops thick, spongy leaves on an inflated stalk, which allow it to float on the water's surface. The plant propagates easily, producing numerous adventitious plantlets on older floating leaves.

Ceratopteris pteridoides particularly thrives in aquariums with ample water column nutrients and good lighting. The temperature range for its optimal growth lies between approximately 18 and 35°C. It is a good indicator plant for nutrient deficiencies, with the leaves growing pale when there are insufficient nutrients.

This fern has the potential to grow rapidly under favourable conditions, with the flat leaves growing to 13cm. The large leaf rosettes can be managed by replacing them with the smaller plantlets formed on older leaves.

Ceratopteris pteridoides provides fantastic shelter for aquarium inhabitants and develops bushy roots that serve as a great refuge for shrimp. This plant makes a great addition to South America-themed biotope aquariums, complementing other floating plants such as Hydrocharis laevigata, Phyllanthus fluitans, Ludwigia sedioides, and Riccia fluitans. It is also quite a good pond plant in warm regions.

Ceratopteris thalictroides, commonly known as Water Sprite, is a popular floating aquarium plant that can also be grown as a rooted rosette plant. It is native to Australia and is known for its delicate and lacy appearance. This plant is very versatile, making it a great option for beginners and experienced aquarists alike.

Water Sprite is a fast-growing plant that can quickly fill out the surface of the water when grown floating, providing shade and cover for fish and other aquatic creatures. It can also be planted in the substrate and grown as a tall rosette plant, where it will grow large, finely divided leaves that provide a beautiful background for any aquarium and lots of options for small fish and fry to hide in. This plant is tolerant of a wide range of conditions, including low light, making it a great option for aquariums of all types.

One of the great benefits of Water Sprite is its ability to absorb excess nutrients from the water, helping to reduce algae growth and improve water quality. This plant is also a great option for providing oxygen to the aquarium, as it rapidly produces oxygen through photosynthesis. Additionally, Water Sprite is a favourite of many fish breeders, as it provides a great place for fish fry to hide and grow.

In terms of care, Water Sprite is a relatively easy plant to maintain. It prefers moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate, but can also do well in lower light conditions with the addition of fertilizers. CO2 supplementation can also help to promote faster and healthier growth, as well as enhance the plant's vibrant green colouration.

Overall, Ceratopteris thalictroides is a beautiful and versatile plant that can provide a range of benefits to any aquarium. Whether used as a floating plant or planted in the substrate, this plant is a great addition to ponds and aquaria.

Crassula helmsii, known as Swamp Stonecrop or New Zealand Pygmyweed is a delicate and fast-growing aquatic plant native to Australia. Depending on light and water depth, this species grows either as an upwards growing stem plant, creeping along the substrate, or even floating on top of the water. This plant thrives in well-lit tanks, though it can also adapt to medium or lower light conditions by growing upwards like a typical stem plant.

In terms of looks, Crassula helmsii is quite similar to the tropical species Microcarpaea minima, though distinguished by its fleshier leaves and stems. It is a lovely light-green plant with thick, needle-shaped leaves. Unlike its tropical counterpart however, Crassula helmsii proves to be much hardier and can withstand a broader range of conditions. Like a handful of other native plants, it can even tolerate moderately brackish water.

One of its most remarkable attributes is its adaptability to temperature, capable of growing between -6°C to 30°C. This makes it an ideal species for native coldwater aquariums and ponds.

Belonging to the Crassula genus, this peculiar native species is actually a succulent, and is one of very, very few succulent plants that can grow underwater.

Under bright lights and with trimming, this plant branches readily and can form a dense underwater bush, which looks nice in the midground of the aquarium. It looks best when placed alongside darker or broader-leaved plants, creating a captivating contrast within the aquascape.

Cryptocoryne crispatula 'balansae', generally shortened to Cryptocoryne Balansae, is a popular aquatic plant that is native to Southeast Asia. It is a tall and slender crypt with long, green leaves that can grow up to 50cm in length, perfect for the background of an aquarium. It is also a very hardy plant and can tolerate a range of water conditions, making it a great choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists.

Cryptocoryne Balansae requires low to medium lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. While fairly slow growing, in ideal conditions, it can form dense clusters, providing excellent cover for fish and shrimp. This plant benefits from the addition of CO2 and liquid fertilizers (most notably iron), which can help promote faster and healthier growth.

One of the most interesting aspects of Cryptocoryne Balansae is the unique shape of its leaves. They are slightly curled and have a rippled appearance, which gives the plant a distinct dimpled look. This makes it a great choice for aquascaping and can help create a beautiful underwater landscape in your aquarium.

When planting Cryptocoryne Balansae, it is important to make sure that the roots are fully covered with substrate. This will help the plant anchor itself in place and promote healthy growth. Additionally, it is important to avoid disturbing the substrate around the plant, as Cryptocorynes are fairly sensitive to root shock and this may cause temporary melting of the leaves.

This is a stunning and resilient aquatic plant that is a fantastic addition to any aquarium. Its distinctive leaf shape and low maintenance needs make it a must-have, particularly for larger tanks where minimal upkeep is preferred.

Cuphea anagalloidea is a rare aquatic plant species originating from South America, being predominantly found in Brazil. This is the only Cuphea species currently known to be able to grow underwater. Belonging to the Lythraceae family, is characterised by its petite lance-shaped leaves, resembling those of popular Rotala species, but with its own distinct charm.

Measuring only about 1cm long by 3mm wide, the oval leaves of Cuphea anagalloidea have a beautiful colouration under high lighting. This small stem plant is one well suited for the high-tech aquarium. Under intense lighting the leaves grow with a deep orange-red colouration. The stems generally stay green regardless of light intensity. The leaves grow in pairs and generally do not change in size as the plant grows upwards towards the light as some other Lythraceae species like Ammannia do.

Despite its small size, this plant is fairly demanding in the aquarium and requires specific conditions to thrive. Cuphea anagalloidea grows best under intense lighting conditions and benefits from CO2 supplementation in high-tech aquarium setups. Stable nutrient levels in the water column are essential for healthy growth, and it also appreciates softer water between 0 - 7°dKH. It is a tropical species that prefers temperatures above 20°C.

Cuphea anagalloidea is a slow growing plant ideal for the foreground or midground of the aquarium. It is a stem plant that grows directly upwards, and doesn't branch much unless pruned. However, trimming encourages the formation of a dense bush of upwards growing stems, making it an appealing accent plant in the aquascape.

Cycnogeton procerum, commonly known as Water Ribbons, is a lovely Australian native plant with a unique growth habit and easy care requirements. This cold-tolerant plant is native to Australia and is a member of the Juncaginaceae family.

As the name suggests, Water Ribbons have long, ribbon-like leaves that grow from the center of a rosette and can reach up to 2 meters in length. The leaves are light green in colour and get pinker towards the base, creating an attractive and colourful look in the aquarium. The leaves continue to grow as they reach the water surface, where they float along the top of the water. This is almost identical to how some of the aquatic Crinum species grow, making it a great, and much cheaper, native alternative.

This plant prefers a nutrient-rich substrate and will form tubers in optimal conditions. It is recommended to provide adequate lighting to promote healthy growth and tuber formation. CO2 supplementation is generally not required but will help to bring out pink leaf colouration in high-tech setups. Water Ribbons are also perfect for cold water ponds and tanks and it is able to withstand a wide range of water parameters, making it a versatile choice. In addition to its aesthetic appeal, Water Ribbons also provide a great natural hiding place for fish across the entire level of the aquarium with its long, flowing leaves.

Cyperus helferi, is a beautiful and relatively new aquarium plant to the hobby that originates from Thailand. It is a beautiful addition to any aquascape, providing an interesting grass-like form that contrasts well with other plant species. As a rosette plant, its long, slender leaves all grow from a central base. This plant is also relatively easy to care for, making it an ideal choice for both novice and experienced aquarists.

Cyperus helferi requires moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. In addition to this, providing CO2 supplementation can help promote faster and healthier growth, as well as enhance the plant's bright green colouration. It is a slow grower and can take some time to establish in the aquarium, but once it does, it will provide a beautiful and unique focal point in the aquascape.

Another interesting feature of Cyperus helferi is that it can be grown emersed, or partially above water. This makes it an excellent option for ponds, as well as aquariums or paludariums. Additionally, its tough leaves make it quite resistant to being eaten by herbivorous tank inhabitants, meaning it almost never develops holes. It is also an excellent alternative to Vallisneria nana as it offers a similar appearance but is more manageable since it does not propagate by runners. It is very similar to the native Cyperus sp. 'Rivulus', but grows longer leaves.

When it comes to placement, this species is best suited as a mid-ground or background plant in the aquarium. Its unique appearance and relatively low maintenance make it a popular choice among aquarists looking to add something different and eye-catching to their underwater landscapes. It is also a great option for providing hiding places and shelter for fish and other aquatic creatures.

Overall, Cyperus helferi is an excellent plant for any aquarist looking to add some hardy greenery to their aquarium. Its easy care requirements and ability to withstand being eaten by herbivorous tank inhabitants make it a versatile option for various types of aquatic setups.

Cyperus sp. 'Rivulus', the Prolific Stream Sedge, is a unique aquatic plant that is a great native alternative to Cyperus helferi. Like Cyperus helferi, this Cyperus is not particularly difficult to grow and has the same care requirements.

This species has narrow, grass-like leaves that are bright green in colour. The leaves grow in clumps and are typically straight or slightly arching. They are flexible and if there is a water current in the tank, they look quite nice waving about. The leaves grow longer than those of Cyperus helferi, and are a slightly darker green. This is a relatively tall growing species, making it suitable for use in the midground or background of the aquarium.

It can tolerate temperatures between 20°C-32°C and a range of water hardness levels, making it suitable for a variety of aquarium setups. While it can tolerate lower light conditions, moderate to high lighting levels are recommended for optimal growth.

Cyperus sp. 'Rivulus' is not particularly demanding when it comes to care. A nutrient-rich substrate will promote healthy growth, and CO2 supplementation will lead to more leaves and a bushier look. This plant can grow both submerged and emersed, making it suitable for both aquarium and native ponds. It also propagates readily, producing new plantlets on its flower-stalks and forming clumps in the aquarium.

Diodia cf. kuntzei, also known by its previous name of Hygrophila sp. 'Pantanal', is a vibrant and attractive stem plant that can add a pop of colour to any high-tech aquarium. With its narrow, downwards curving leaves, this plant has a distinctive spiky appearance that sets it apart from other stem plants. Under very high light conditions, the leaves can turn shades of pink to red, adding a beautiful contrast to the greenery in the tank.

This plant requires moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive, and will benefit from regular iron and CO2 supplementation. It is a relatively fast grower, and so regular pruning may be necessary to control its growth and maintain the desired shape. Diodia cf. kuntzei can easily be propagated by taking stem cuttings and planting them in the substrate.

The plant gets its common name from the Pantanal region of Brazil where it is thought to originate from, an area known for its diverse and unique flora and fauna. In the wild, this plant grows in a range of environments, including marshes, swamps, and along riverbanks.

In terms of aquascaping, Diodia cf. kuntzei can be used in a variety of ways to create different effects. Its spiky appearance and bright colour make it a great choice for creating a striking focal point in the tank, either on its own or as part of a larger arrangement. It can also be used as a mid-ground plant, or in the background in smaller tanks.

Diodia cf. kuntzei is a popular choice for aquarists looking to add a unique and colourful plant to their tank. With its ease of care and striking appearance, this species is sure to be a great addition to any planted aquarium.

This is a spectacular native Australian aquatic fern, which is similar to Bolbitis in the aquarium. It is one of a small handful of native water fern species, and is a very easy species to grow, with vibrant green leaves and translucent new growth.

The leaves of this attractive water fern look very similar to Bolbitis heudelotii, but with wider lobes (pinna) on the fronds. These finely divided fronds are also a translucent green colour and have a hard, firm feel to them. Similar to Leptochilus (Java Fern), the growing leaf tips start off more translucent and darker green, which eventually fill in as the plant grows. The fronds of the Australian Water Fern grow to 10-20cm in the aquarium, and so it is a versatile choice for most aquarium sizes.

In contrast to Bolbitis, Diplazium dilatatum is a rosette plant, and does not grow with a creeping rhizome. Mature plants will grow a dense rosette of 15 leaves or more. In this way it can be used similarly to an Echinodorus in the aquarium: as a centrepiece or midground plant. The roots are not adhesive like Bolbitis or Leptochilus (Java Fern), and so can be buried in the substrate. Ensure the crown remains above the surface of the substrate. Grown underwater however, this species does appear to primarily absorb nutrients from the water column through its leaves, and so planting it in the substrate is not entirely necessary.

In terms of care, Diplazium dilatatum is relatively undemanding. It thrives in a variety of water conditions, from soft to hard water, and we can recommend a pH of 5.5 to 8. Ideal water temperatures for this fern range between 17°C and 28°C, making it suitable for most tropical aquarium setups. This fern will tolerate low light conditions but will also grow well in high light setups. For optimal growth under high light, supplementing with additional CO2 is recommended.

Propagation of the Australian Water Fern is also very easy. This is a unique species which propagates similar to Cryptocoryne or Helanthium species. The plant sends out long runner roots, from which new ferns grow. You can either let these grow where they are, or, once these small ferns grow large enough you can simply separate them off the main plant and replant them in a new location within the tank. Over time, the separated piece will grow into a new plant, expanding the fern's presence within the aquarium.

Diplazium dilatatum is native to Queensland and parts of NSW, as well as Asia. It can also be grown emerse, around ponds in shaded areas as far south as Sydney. When grown out of water this plant looks vastly different, growing 1.5-2m in height with long green fronds that are 80–150cm long. It is a species that has adapted to live in areas that flood or are inundated seasonally, and spends months underwater in its natural habitat, particularly in Queensland, Malaysia and Indonesia.

Diplazium dilatatum is a stunning and versatile aquatic plant that will make a great addition to most aquariums, and is an especially great fit for native and biotope aquariums.

Egeria densa, also known as Leafy Elodea, is a widely cultivated aquatic plant in the aquarium hobby. This plant is highly valued for its ease of care and its ability to improve water quality by absorbing nitrates and other pollutants from the water.

Leafy Elodea stems have a bushy, bright green appearance, which can add a lively and natural touch to any aquarium. Its stems can grow out to a long length, making it an excellent choice for background planting. Leafy Elodea is also known for its fast growth rate, which can help to quickly fill in empty spaces in an aquarium.

Another benefit of Leafy Elodea is that it can help to oxygenate the water in the aquarium, which is important for the health of fish and other aquatic animals. As the plant grows, it releases oxygen into the water through tiny bubbles that form on the leaves and stems.

Leafy Elodea is an undemanding plant that can thrive in a wide range of water conditions. It prefers bright to moderate lighting, but can also grow in low light conditions. It can grow well in both soft and hard water, and is adaptable to a wide range of pH levels. This species can withstand a wide range of temperatures, from 16-32°C.

Egeria densa is an easy-to-care-for aquatic plant that is perfect for aquarists of all skill levels. With its bright green colouration, fast growth rate, and ability to improve water quality, it is a popular choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists.

Eleocharis sp. 'Belem' is a very popular plant for aquascaping, as it forms a dense and low-growing carpet that looks great in the foreground of the aquarium. This plant is a great choice for those looking to create a natural-looking, grassy substrate, as it has thin, light green leaves that grow upward and curve downward at the tips, creating a neat and delicate lawn look.

One of the benefits of Eleocharis sp. 'Belem' is that it is relatively easy to care for, making it a great option for beginners. It can tolerate a range of water parameters and lighting conditions, but will thrive in higher light and with the addition of CO2 and fertilizers. Regular pruning is recommended to keep the carpet looking neat and prevent it from growing too tall. While it can grow in low light conditions as well, this is not recommended as the plants will not grow as dense or as short.

One thing to keep in mind with this plant is that it can take some time to establish a dense carpet. It is recommended to plant it in small clumps a few centimeters apart to allow it to spread and fill in over time. With patience and good care, this plant can create a stunning and natural-looking carpet in the aquarium.

Eleocharis geniculata is a medium-large sized hairgrass species that is native to Australia. It grows larger than foreground carpeting Eleocharis species like E. pusilla and 'Belem', but much smaller than Eleocharis equisetina.

The leaves of Eleocharis geniculata are stiff and point straight up, with the submerged form being slightly thinner and more delicate than the emergent form. The leaves are fine and grass-like, contributing to an overall delicate and graceful appearance. In low-light conditions, the hairgrass may grow taller and more sparsely, while under high-intensity lighting, it tends to stay more compact and grows denser.

Unlike most other Eleocharis species, this plant generally propagates by clumping rather than by sending out runners and will form a neat stand in the aquarium. It prefers a nutrient-rich substrate and moderate to high light, and it benefits from regular fertilisation and CO2 injection. It will also grow best in temperatures between 18-28°C. Its vertical growth can create an interesting contrast with shorter, bushier plants or horizontal growing carpeting plants. It is also a good plant to use in breeding tanks or as a natural shelter for fish fry, as it provides vertical cover for fry to hide in.

Eleocharis geniculata is a good choice for biotope-inspired setups and ponds. This undemanding native species makes a great midground plant in larger aquariums or a background plant in smaller aquariums.

Eleocharis equisetina, the Australian Giant Hairgrass, is an interesting hairgrass species that is native to Australia. This plant is perfect for aquarists who want to create a dramatic, tall background in their tanks. As its name suggests, this plant can grow up to a meter tall, which is much taller than other aquarium hairgrass species.

The leaves of Eleocharis equisetina are relatively stiff and point straight up, and if not trimmed, they are able to breach the water surface without breaking. This characteristic also makes it perfect for biotope tanks and ponds, creating a reedy look if left to breach the surface.The submerged form is thinner and more delicate than the emergent form. To keep the plant in this form simply trim the taller leaves down like with other hairgrass species, not letting it reach the surface.

The plant reproduces by sending out runners and can quickly form a dense stand. It prefers a nutrient-rich substrate and high light, and it benefits from regular fertilisation and CO2 injection. While Australian Giant Hairgrass is a beautiful plant, it requires a larger tank to accommodate its height. It can be used as a background plant or as a standalone centerpiece. Its vertical growth can create an interesting contrast with shorter, bushier plants or horizontal growing carpeting plants. It is also a good plant to use in breeding tanks or as a natural shelter for fish fry, as it provides vertical cover for fry to hide in.

Overall, Eleocharis equisetina is a unique native plant that can add an impressive backdrop to an aquarium.

Eleocharis pusilla, commonly known as Dwarf Hairgrass, is a popular and widely used aquatic plant in the hobby. As its name suggests, it is a small, grass-like plant with thin, needle-like leaves. It is native to Australia, where it grows in marshy areas and along the banks of waterways. In the aquarium, it is primarily used as a foreground or carpeting plant due to its low height and spreading growth habit.

One of the main advantages of Eleocharis pusilla is its hardiness. It can tolerate a wide range of water parameters, including lower light levels and cooler temperatures, making it an ideal choice for beginner aquarists or those looking to create a low-maintenance aquascape. However, for faster growth and a denser carpet, higher light levels and the addition of CO2 and fertilizers can be beneficial.

To create a carpet of Dwarf Hairgrass, it is recommended to plant the individual stems close together and allow them to spread over time. In order to ensure the best growth and coverage, it's important to keep the substrate well-nourished and free of debris. Regular trimming and maintenance can also help to promote healthy growth and prevent the plant from becoming too tall or unruly.

Eleocharis pusilla is a versatile and attractive plant that can be used in a variety of aquarium setups. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced aquarist, it is definitely worth considering as a key foreground component of your aquascape.

Eriocaulon scariosum, the Water Pincushion, is a small and unique aquarium plant that is native to Australia. Its compact and ball-like appearance makes it an attractive foreground plant in high-tech aquascapes. The plant has flat and rigid recurving leaves that grow up to 2-4cm in lenth, with a plant diameter of about 5cm. The leaves are usually light green in colour and give the plant a spiky appearance with their pointed tips.

Eriocaulon scariosum is a relatively simple plant to grow in the right conditions, in that it doesn't usually require trimming or other maintenance, but it does require specific water parameters. It grows best in soft water environments below 7°dKH and with good water flow. The plant's roots grow deep and long, which means it needs a nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. CO2 addition is also highly recommended to allow this plant to thrive.

In the aquarium, Water Pincushion can be used to create an interesting and unique focal point in the foreground. It is often planted in groups to create a dense, ball-like effect. When adding Water Pincushion to an aquarium, it is important to ensure you have the correct water parameters in your tank. Hard water especially can cause the plant to melt or die off.

Eriocaulon scariosum is a unique and attractive aquarium plant that can add an interesting native touch to your aquascape. Its low-growing and compact nature makes it ideal for small aquariums or for creating foreground interest in larger setups. With proper care and attention, it can thrive and create a beautiful focal point in the aquarium.

Fissidens berteroi, the Mt Glorious Fissidens Moss, is a rare native Australian aquatic moss that has large 2-3cm feather-like stems. This is one of the largest Fissidens mosses, and has a distinctive appearance with its widely spaced leaf-like structures called phyllids.

Mt Glorious Fissidens Moss has frond-like stems that grow upright, all rooted by rhizoids at the base. These are softer and more flexible than those of other Fissidens species, as well as longer. Like other Fissidens mosses, this moss does not grow out continously like Java Moss, and instead has more of a low-growing, carpeting habit. The deep green color and fine texture of this moss make it an excellent choice for creating a natural, forest-like aesthetic in an aquarium. Its compact growth habit makes it ideal for nano tanks, aquascaping projects, and as a foreground plant.

This moss thrives best in moderate to high lighting conditions, but it can also adapt to low light. While CO2 supplementation is not strictly necessary, it can significantly enhance the growth speed of this slow growing plant. Mt Glorious Fissidens Moss is cold tolerant and will grow in waters with temperatures ranging from 3°C to 28°C, making it suitable for a variety of aquarium setups.

One of the key features of Fissidens berteroi is its ability to attach to hardscape elements such as driftwood, rocks, and other surfaces. This can be achieved by using fine fishing line, thread, or aquarium-safe glue to secure the moss in place until it anchors itself with its rhizoids. Over time, it will spread to form a lawn-like surface on the hardscape.

Fissidens dietrichiae, commonly known as Dietrich's Pocket Moss, is one of the smaller species of aquatic Fissidens moss, ideal for nano aquariums and intricate aquascaping projects. It is native to Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, where it grows along rocks in fast flowing cold-water streams. This attractive moss has compact, feathery leaf-like structures called phyllids, which grow in a neatly organised, overlapping pattern, creating a lush, miniature carpet effect in the aquarium.

The frond-like stems of Dietrich's Pocket Moss typically grow to under a centimeter in height, making it perfect for small-scale aquascapes. Its fine texture and deep green colour add a natural aesthetic to hardscapes in the tank. This intricate-looking moss is particularly suitable for creating detailed aquascapes in nano tanks and biotope aquariums.

Fissidens dietrichiae thrives in a variety of lighting conditions, from low to high light. While it grows well under low light, providing moderate to high lighting will promote denser and faster growth. CO2 supplementation, while not essential, can further enhance growth and health, ensuring the moss maintains its lush, green appearance. Like other Fissidens mosses, this moss does not grow out continously like Java Moss, and instead has more of a low-growing, carpeting habit.

This moss prefers soft to moderately hard water and can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, typically between 3°C and 28°C. Its adaptability makes it suitable for various aquarium setups, whether tropical or temperate. One of the key advantages of Fissidens dietrichiae is its ability to attach to hardscape elements such as rocks, driftwood, and other surfaces. This can be achieved using fine thread or aquarium-safe glue to secure the moss until it anchors itself with its rhizoids.

Glossostigma elatinoides, commonly referred to as Small Mud-Mat or simply Glossostigma, is an attractive aquatic plant native to Australia and New Zealand. Known for its low-growing nature and vibrant green appearance, it is often used to create lush, carpet-like growth in aquariums.

Glossostigma is known for its small, teardrop-shaped, bright green leaves, which only grow 2-3cm high. It spreads via creeping runners with two leaves per node. This makes it a great choice for the foreground, creating a dense ground cover.

In terms of care requirements, Glossostigma elatinoides prefers a nutrient-rich substrate and benefits from the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) supplementation, which promotes healthier growth. Moderate to high lighting is essential for this species, as it encourages the plant to grow along the substrate and not towards the water surface. For CO2 supplemented tanks, this is one of the fastest growing carpeting plants available. Otherwise, this is quite a tolerant plant, growing well in water with a carbonate hardness from 0-14°dKH, and temperatures of 4-30°C.

Glossostigma elatinoides is a versatile plant that can be used for various aquascaping styles, from biotope aquariums to Dutch-style aquascapes. It provides an appealing contrast to taller background plants and serves as a foreground focal point. When well-maintained, Glossostigma can create a stunning and visually striking foreground.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Latifolius', sometimes known as Echinodorus Latifolius, is an easy aquarium plant for both novice and experienced aquarists. Its creeping habit makes it ideal for filling in a space, and its thin, bright green leaves add a natural look to the aquarium. This plant is an undemanding species that can grow in a variety of water conditions, making it an excellent choice for beginners.

The plant grows to a maximum height of 30cm, with most leaves growing up to 10-15cm in length. It can also be trimmed down to different heights if required. This plant can spread via runners along the substrate and forms long chains of plants. Helanthium bolivianum 'Latifolius' is a fast grower and can quickly carpet the foreground of the aquarium. To promote faster growth and denser carpet, high lighting and CO2 injection is recommended.

This plant is a heavy root feeder, and will benefit from regular fertilisation of the substrate. It is also important to maintain good water circulation and ensure adequate nutrient levels in the water column. Helanthium bolivianum 'Latifolius' prefers soft to medium-hard water, with a pH range of 5.0-7.0, and can tolerate a range of temperatures between 10-30°C.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Latifolius' is an excellent plant choice for aquarists looking to add some greenery to their aquarium. Its low maintenance and cold water tolerance make it a good choice for a range of different planted tanks.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Magdalenensis', sometimes known as Echinodorus Magdalenensis, is an ideal plant for aquarium enthusiasts who want to add a touch of greenery to their aquascape without having to devote a lot of time and effort to maintenance. As an undemanding and fast-growing carpeting plant, it is the perfect choice for those who want a lush and healthy aquarium without the hassle of constant upkeep.

This plant is a great option for anyone looking to create a beautiful and natural-looking carpet in their aquarium. Compared to Helanthium bolivianum 'Quadricostatus', this plant has thinner, and more club-shaped leaves which grow to a height of 5-15cm.This is perfect for creating a low-lying foreground carpet in the aquarium. The plant spreads via runners, which means it can quickly fill out the bottom of the tank and create a dense and lush carpet that will make any aquarium look more vibrant and lively.

Another great feature of Helanthium bolivianum 'Magdalenensis' is that it is an undemanding plant that requires minimal maintenance. It can tolerate a wide range of water parameters and lighting conditions, making it a great choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists. This is also a cold water tolerant species, growing in temperatures as low as 10°C.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Magdalenensis' is an excellent choice for anyone looking to create a beautiful, natural-looking carpet in their aquarium. It is an undemanding, fast-growing plant that is easy to care for and can quickly fill out the bottom of any tank. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced aquarist, this plant is sure to thrive in your aquarium and create an inviting and sheltered environment for your tank inhabitants.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Quadricostatus' is a versatile and attractive plant that can be an excellent addition to any aquarium. With its broad and low-growing leaves, it can form a dense carpet and create a natural-looking foreground. This plant is relatively undemanding and easy to care for, making it a popular choice among aquarium enthusiasts, especially beginners.

As a fast grower, Helanthium bolivianum 'Quadricostatus' can quickly fill in empty spaces in the aquarium, forming chains of plants that spread via runners along the substrate. This plant can thrive in a variety of water conditions, but it does require adequate lighting and nutrient-rich substrate to support its growth. It is also a heavy root feeder, so it's a good idea to provide it with adequate fertilisation to ensure its health and longevity.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Quadricostatus' can be a useful plant for helping to create a stable and healthy aquatic environment in tanks with lots of fish. Its extensive root system can help to oxygenate the substrate, which can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can break down organic matter and keep the aquarium clean and healthy.

Being wider and shorter growing than Helanthium bolivianum 'Magdalenensis', its broad leaves provide a contrast to other, more delicate plants, and its low-growing habit can help to create a sense of depth and texture in the aquarium. Overall, this plant is a great choice for any aquarist looking to create a dense planted look in their tank.

Helanthium bolivianum 'Vesuvius', also known as Echinodorus Vesuvius, is a beautiful and unique rosette-type aquarium plant. This creeping sword-plant has long, thin leaves that grow in a tight spiral, creating a beautiful and eye-catching display in any aquarium. The leaves twist and curl as they grow straight up to a maximum height of about 30cm.

Like other plants in the Helanthium genus, Helanthium bolivianum 'Vesuvius' is a fast grower which spreads via runners along the substrate, forming chains of plants. It is an undemanding plant that requires little attention, making it a great choice for beginner aquarists. It is, however, a heavy root feeder and appreciates plenty of nutrients in the substrate.

This plant is quite versatile, as it can tolerate a range of water parameters and lighting conditions. It can grow well in soft or hard water and does not require high levels of lighting to thrive. Like most plants, it will grow even faster, with denser foliage when provided with stronger lighting and CO2 injection.

Helanthium 'Vesuvius' is an excellent choice for anyone looking for an interesting aquarium plant that is easy to care for and can thrive in a range of aquarium setups. Its stunning spiral leaves and fast growth make it a great addition to any planted tank.

This is an excellent carpeting plant for aquarists seeking to create lush and captivating foreground in the aquarium. With its petite size and fast growth, the Pygmy Chain Sword is a good alternative to other, similar carpeting plants like Eleocharis pusilla.

Originating from South America, Helanthium tenellum is popular as a low-tech foreground plant, due to its low growing nature. Its slender leaves grow to around 6 to 10 cm in length, and grow out along runners to form a beautiful mat of foliage that creates a sense of depth in the aquascape. The Pygmy Chain Sword is relatively undemanding in terms of care requirements. It can thrive in a range of lighting conditions, from moderate to high, although brighter lighting tends to encourage more compact growth. Strong lights will also bring out a red colouration in the leaves. This plant benefits from a nutrient-rich substrate and occasional fertilization, promoting healthy and vigorous growth. Helanthium tenellum prefers soft to medium-hard water, with a pH range of 5.0-7.0, and can tolerate a range of temperatures between 10-35°C.

The Pygmy Chain Sword's adaptability makes it an excellent choice for aquascaping, whether you're a beginner or an experienced aquarist. Its ability to reproduce through runners allows it to gradually fill in the available space, creating a cohesive and natural appearance within the aquarium. Additionally, its carpet-like growth helps prevent algae growth by outcompeting the unwanted organisms for nutrients and light.

Helanthium tenellum is an excellent plant choice for aquarists looking to add some greenery to their aquarium. Its low maintenance and cold water tolerance make it a good choice for a range of different planted tanks.

Hemianthus callitrichoides, often referred to as HC Cuba, is a highly sought-after aquatic plant among aquarium enthusiasts and aquascapers. Originating from Caribbean, this plant is cherished for its low and dense growth, making it an excellent choice for creating intricate and visually appealing aquascapes.

HC Cuba is characterised by its tiny, vibrant green leaves that make it one of the smallest aquarium plants in the hobby. Its diminutive size and relatively fast growth enable it to form a dense carpet across the aquarium substrate, creating a striking lawn-like effect. When planted densely and provided with the right conditions, HC Cuba produces a beautiful and uniform foreground that contrasts elegantly with other plants in the aquarium.

Cultivating HC Cuba can be both rewarding and challenging. This plant requires ample lighting, ideally in the high to very high range, to thrive. CO2 supplementation is essential to promote healthy growth and maintain the plant's compact form. Compared to Micranthemum 'Monte Carlo', Hemianthus callitrichoides requires far higher dissolved CO2 levels to grow well underwater.

Planting HC Cuba involves dividing it into small portions and planting them across the substrate to encourage carpet formation. Regular pruning is essential to maintain its compact appearance, as it has relatively shallow roots that can result in it lifting itself off the substrate when it becomes overgrown.

Despite its demands, Hemianthus callitrichoides, or HC Cuba, remains a highly sought-after choice for aquascaping due to its tiny leaves and the intricate landscapes it can create within aquariums. This is a species particularly suited for the high-tech aquarium, where it will contribute significantly to the creation of depth and scale within the aquascape.

Hemianthus glomeratus, commonly known as Pearlweed, is a popular choice for aquascaping due to its delicate appearance and fast growth. It is also commonly known as Pearlgrass, or by the erroneous name, Hemianthus micranthemoides (which is a distinct species now unfortunately likely extinct). Its small leaves and dense-growing habit make it ideal for adding a lush, bushy look to the midground or foreground of the aquarium.

Pearlweed can adapt to a wide range of water parameters and grows well in lower light conditions where it has a bushy, upward growth pattern. However, under high light, it will grow more compact and stay closer to the substrate, creating a dense and attractive carpet. It also benefits from regular fertilisation and CO2 supplementation.

With its fast growth rate, this plant helps to oxygenate the water and absorb nutrients, reducing the risk of algae blooms and other issues. It also provides a natural hiding place for small fish and invertebrates, contributing to the overall health and wellbeing of the aquarium.

Hemianthus glomeratus is an excellent choice for aquascaping enthusiasts who want a beautiful and easy-to-care-for foreground plant that can adapt to a variety of conditions.

Heteranthera reniformis, the Kidney-leaf Mud-plantain, is a charming floating plant with attractive green leaves that float gracefully on the water's surface. These leaves typically grow up to 5 cm in diameter and look somewhat similar to Frogbit (Hydrocharis laevigata). The floating stems are accompanied by long, delicate white roots that dangle beneath, providing excellent shelter for small fish and invertebrates.

The alternate leaves of Heteranthera reniformis are shiny and water repellant, allowing them to sit on the water's surface. They have a heart or kidney shape, and are slightly spongy. The stems and petioles are also both buoyant. This species can easily be propagated by cuttings, best taken once the main stem has branched off. This is a tropical species and appreciates temperatures above 22°C. It can tolerate soft to very hard water and will even grow in brackish water.

Heteranthera reniformis thrives when allowed to float freely, where it can spread across the surface, forming a lush, green canopy. The long, trailing roots not only add a unique look to the aquarium, but also help to filter the water by absorbing excess nutrients, contributing to a healthier aquatic environment. Ensure excess plants are removed regularly with this fast growing species to prevent overcrowding. With its long roots, this plant is especially suitable for larger aquariums.

Easy to care for, Kidney-leaf Mud-plantain adapts well to a variety of water conditions, though it prefers moderate to high lighting to maintain a compact form. This makes it an excellent choice for aquariums and ponds alike, where it can flourish and enhance the overall aesthetic.

Heteranthera zosterifolia, commonly known as Water Stargrass, is an elegant water plant native to the waters of South America, known for its undemanding nature.

The plant's delicate, thread-like leaves grow in whorls around the stem, resembling a star-like arrangement, hence the name Water Stargrass. The leaves are typically bright green and can reach lengths of several centimeters, creating a lush bush. In aquariums, this plant can serve as an attractive midground or background plant.

Water Stargrass is known for its adaptability and ease of care, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists. It can thrive in a variety of water conditions, including soft to hard water and a range of temperatures. While it can tolerate lower light levels, providing moderate to high lighting will promote more robust growth and vibrant colouration.

Propagation of Heteranthera zosterifolia is typically achieved through stem cuttings, which can be replanted to establish new growth. Regular pruning helps maintain the desired shape and prevents overgrowth, ensuring a well-balanced and visually appealing aquarium layout.

Beyond its ornamental value, Water Stargrass contributes to the aquarium ecosystem by providing shelter for small fish and fry. Additionally, its dense growth helps to absorb excess nutrients from the water, assisting in the prevention of algae.

For aquarists seeking a graceful and undemanding aquatic plant with long foliage, Heteranthera zosterifolia is an excellent choice.

Hydrilla verticillata, commonly known as Water Thyme, is a fast-growing aquatic plant native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Australia. It is a hardy and versatile plant that can adapt to a veriety of water conditions and is often used as a pond plant. The plant is characterized by a fluffy, feathery appearance, which makes it an attractive addition to any tank.

Water Thyme is an excellent option for cold water tanks, as it can grow in water temperatures as low as 10°C. It is also highly adaptable to different lighting conditions and can thrive in very low light conditions. However, under higher light conditions, the leaves will grow denser, with a greener colour and the plant will grow faster.

In addition to its aesthetic value, Water Thyme provides several benefits to aquariums. It is a natural oxygenator, releasing oxygen into the water and improving overall water quality. As a very fast grower, this plant also rapidly absorbs nutrients, which helps to prevent the growth of algae in ponds and aquaria. Hydrilla verticillata also provides a natural habitat for tadpoles and shrimp, and can serve as a hiding place for young fish.

One thing to note about Water Thyme is that it can be mistaken for Elodea, a similar-looking aquatic plant. While the two plants share many similarities, the native Hydrilla can best be identified by its finely serrated leaf margins, as Egeria densa leaves have smooth margins.

Water Thyme is a fast-growing, hardy, and versatile aquatic plant that can grow well in almost any pond or aquarium. It is very easy to care for, and its ability to adapt to various water conditions makes it a great choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists.

Note: If you live in NSW, WA or NT, please do not purchase this plant as it is prohibited in your state.

Hydrocharis laevigata, commonly known as Amazon Frogbit, is a rosette floating plant that is native to Central and South America. Superficially resembling large duckweed, with its large leaves this plant is much easier to manage. This plant was previously called Limnobium laevigatum, and has been recently reassigned to the Hydrocharis genus.

Amazon Frogbit has an undemanding nature and fast growth. It is relatively easy to care for, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists. The plant features round and smooth leaves that look especially good in open tanks. Additionally, the long roots of Frogbit create a natural look in the aquarium, as well as providing a great place for fry and shrimp to hide in.

Amazon Frogbit offers more than just its aesthetic appeal. It is particularly beneficial in fish and shrimp breeding tanks as it efficiently removes excess nutrients from the water. This can help maintain optimal water quality and create a healthier environment for aquatic life.

In terms of growth habit, Amazon Frogbit is similar to other floating plants. It forms floating rosettes of spongy leaves that regularly produce runners, with young plants sprouting at their ends. With very little effort it will naturally propagate in the aquarium.

One of the advantages of Amazon Frogbit is its hardiness and cold tolerance. It can adapt well to a variety of water conditions and temperature ranges, making it a versatile choice for different setups. However, it's important to ensure that it doesn't completely cover the surface of the water, as this can limit light penetration to other plants or animals below. Remove excess plants regularly as required, and as with every plant - be sure to never release this species into your local waterways.

Whether you're a beginner or an experienced aquarist, Amazon Frogbit is a hardy and versatile choice that can thrive in a range of conditions.

Hydrocotyle leucocephala, commonly known as Giant Cardamine or Brazilian Pennywort, is a popular aquarium plant due to its fast growth and attractive leaves. It is native to Central and South America and can be found growing in the wild in moist areas such as marshes, swamps, and along riverbanks.

In aquariums, Giant Cardamine can be used in a variety of ways. Its long stems with large, round leaves can be left to float on the surface of the water or can be planted in the substrate. When allowed to float, it creates a natural-looking surface cover that can provide shade for fish and other tank inhabitants. Under the water, it makes a great vine-like plant, and can be used to to wrap around driftwood or as a background plant.

One of the best things about Giant Cardamine is that it can tolerate a wide range of lighting conditions, from low to high. However, it does best with moderate to high lighting where it will grow more compact. CO2 injection is not necessary, but can help promote faster growth and more robust leaves.

This versatile plant also helps to oxygenate the water and remove excess nutrients, making it a great addition to planted aquariums. Whether you're a seasoned aquarist or just starting out, Giant Cardamine is an excellent choice for adding lush foliage and an interesting look to your aquascape.

Hydrocotyle 'Japan', is a popular carpeting plant with clover-like leaves. Native to Australia and New Zealand, it is a fast-growing plant that can quickly cover the aquarium substrate with its small leaves.

Under high light conditions, Hydrocotyle tripartita grows short and compact, making it an excellent choice for creating a lush, dense carpet. In lower light conditions, the plant tends to grow taller and more adventitious. Regular trimming can help to keep the plant looking neat and tidy.

Hydrocotyle tripartita can also be used in hardscape layouts, attached to rocks and driftwood to create a natural-looking effect. The plant will gradually grow over the hardscape and blend in seamlessly with the rest of the aquascape.

Hydrocotyle tripartita is undemanding in water parameters and will grow quickly when provided with at least medium light. It can thrive in a wide range of aquarium setups, from low-tech to high-tech, but CO2 addition will result in much denser growth. Ideal for the foreground, this is a versatile and attractive plant that can be used in a variety of aquascape designs. Its fast growth and easy-care requirements make it a popular choice for many aquarium enthusiasts.

Hydrocotyle verticillata is an interesting plant that can add a very unique look to the aquarium. With its round leaves standing up on long petioles, it gives the impression of a cluster of mushrooms or umbrellas. This plant is native to Australia and is known for its ability to spread via runners under the substrate, forming an interesting looking carpet when grown in high light conditions.

Hydrocotyle verticillata is relatively easy to grow and maintain. It can tolerate a wide range of water conditions, but does require moderate to high lighting in order to stay short. In low light conditions, it can grow quite tall petioles which can also be a desirable look. This plant can be a fast grower, particularly in tanks with CO2 injection. The new leaves start small and slowly expand out from the center.

Hydrocotyle verticillata is a great carpeting plant for both experienced and novice aquarists alike. With its unique appearance, this plant is sure to draw the eye in any aquascape.

Hydrotriche hottoniiflora is a bright green stem plant that is endemic to the island of Madagascar. It is a spectacular plant that can only be grown under the water, and has a firm and succulent texture which makes it somewhat resistant to being eaten by herbivorous tank inhabitants.

One of the most striking features of Hydrotriche hottoniiflora is its stiff needle-like leaves. These leaves can grow up to 3 cm long, creating a unique look in the aquarium. The plant is fairly fast growing in the right conditions growing up to the surface of the water. When the plant reaches the surface, it will bloom and produce small white flowers. This plant can be quite fragile, so take care when it is planted in the aquarium. It isn't an issue if stems break though as this plant can be easily propagated by cuttings.

In terms of care requirements, Hydrotriche hottoniiflora is relatively undemanding. It prefers a temperature range of 18-34°C and does best in soft water with a slightly acidic pH, but can grow well in a wide range of water conditions. This makes it a great choice for both beginners and experienced aquarists. It does require at least medium lighting however, growing leggy in lower light. When provided with additional CO2 and high lighting, the leaves will actually grow slightly flatter and wider, with a more vibrant colouration.

In terms of aquascape design, Hydrotriche hottoniiflora works well as a midground or background plant, particularly in aquariums with higher flow. Its unique texture and bright green colouration make it a great addition to any planted tank, and it can be paired with other stem plants, such as Rotala rotundifolia or Ludwigia repens, to create a diverse contrast of leaf shapes.

Hydrotriche hottoniiflora can also provide a range of benefits for the health of your aquarium. Like other aquatic plants, it can help to improve water quality by oxygenating the water and absorbing nitrates. It can also provide a natural habitat for fish and other aquatic creatures, creating a more diverse and natural environment for them to thrive in.

Overall, Hydrotriche hottoniiflora is a great choice for any aquarist looking to add a unique and striking plant to their aquarium. With its distinctive needle-like leaves and relatively low care requirements, it is a versatile and easy-to-grow plant that can help to create a beautiful and natural-looking aquascape.

Hygrophila angustifolia, commonly known as Willow Hygro, is a hardy and fast-growing aquatic plant that is native to Australia. It has thin, willow-like leaves that provide a unique, flowing look to the aquascape. Under higher lighting, the uppermost leaves can develop a red colouration, adding a pop of colour to your tank. Even under medium light, the leaves veins grow with a beautiful bright red accent.

Growing Hygrophila angustifolia in the aquarium is quite easy, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists. This plant looks particularly nice in areas where there is higher water flow moving the long leaves. CO2 addition and regular fertilisation will even further increase the length of the leaves. It is relatively undemanding however, and can thrive in a variety of aquarium conditions.

In the aquarium, Willow Hygro can be used in various ways to enhance the aquascape. Its tall, slender stems and leaves make it an ideal background plant, where it can create a lush green backdrop for smaller foreground plants and hardscape features. Alternatively, it can be trimmed shorter and utilised as a midground accent plant.

Overall, Hygrophila angustifolia is a great choice for aquarists looking to add a native touch to their aquariums, without requiring too much maintenance or special care.

Hygrophila balsamica, the Balsam Hygrophila, is a striking plant that can be an excellent centerpiece for an aquarium. This plant is known for its intricate and delicate appearance, with long, needle-like pinnate leaves. The leaves are lime green and grow quite large, with mature specimens reaching up to 15cm across with a pine-tree-like look.

Balsam Hygrophila is an undemanding plant that can thrive in a variety of aquarium conditions. This is a strong and sturdy stem plant which prefers moderate to high lighting and a nutrient-rich substrate to maintain its best form. It can also grow in lower light conditions but won't look as spectacular. The plant is a fast grower and requires regular trimming, particularly when kept as a centerpiece plant. It can also look very nice when kept short, making it a good option for foreground planting. This plant benefits from the addition of CO2 and regular iron fertilisation to promote healthy growth.

Hygrophila balsamica is quite adaptable to different aquarium environments, tolerating temperatures from 18-30°C, and water hardness between 2-12°dKH. In addition to its striking appearance, it can also provide an intricate habitat for fish and shrimp, as well as helping to maintain water quality by quickly absorbing excess nutrients.

One thing to note is that this plant can actually be noxious in its emerse form. Be sure to always grow this plant underwater to prevent any issues. All of our Hygrophila balsamica have been converted to a safe form prior to shipping, and are ready to be planted straight into the aquarium!

Overall, Hygrophila balsamica is a beautiful and easy-to-care-for plant that can add a unique and eye-catching element to any aquarium. Whether used as a centerpiece or as a foreground plant, it is sure to impress with its intricate and pine-like appearance.

Hygrophila corymbosa 'Compact' is a great aquarium plant for beginners due to its hardy nature. It is a tough and low light tolerant plant with round to oval leaves that grow in a bushy formation, making it a great choice for midground planting. It can also be used in the background if trimmed regularly.

This plant is undemanding in terms of care and does not require high CO2 injection. It can grow well in most water conditions, but the growth rate can be greatly increased by providing nutrient-rich substrate and regular fertilisation. This plant does not get very tall, ramifying instead with numerous side shoots in good lighting.

Under high light conditions in high-tech tanks, the leaves of Hygrophila corymbosa 'Compact' turn a deep reddish-brown, adding an interesting colour contrast to the aquarium. This feature makes it a great addition to any aquascape that requires a touch of vibrant colour.

Hygrophila corymbosa 'Compact' is a great addition to any aquascape, providing a lush, green bushy appearance in low light with the potential for compact reddish-brown leaves under high light conditions. This undemanding plant makes a great, versatile choice for any aquarium.

Hygrophila corymbosa 'siamensis', also known as Blue Stricta, is a popular background plant in the aquarium hobby. This plant has large, bright green leaves that are tough and low-light tolerant, making it an easy plant to grow in most tanks. It is a versatile plant that can adapt to different water parameters, making it suitable for beginners and experienced aquarists alike.

One of the best things about Blue Stricta is that it can grow with ease in most tanks, as it is highly adaptable to different water conditions. If you want to speed up its growth, we recommend CO2 supplementation and regular water fertilisation which will also increase the size and vibrance of its foliage. In high light situations, the uppermost leaves of Blue Stricta may develop a deep maroon colouration, adding a striking contrast to its bright green leaves. This colour change can add a unique and beautiful touch to your aquarium.

Blue Stricta is not only a beautiful plant, but it also serves a practical purpose in the aquarium. It helps to improve water quality by absorbing excess nutrients and reducing algae growth. Its large leaves also provide hiding places for shy fish and fry, making it a great addition to any community tank.

Hygrophila corymbosa 'siamensis' is a versatile and easy-to-grow plant that is perfect for creating a lush and beautiful background in your aquarium. With its large, bright green leaves and adaptability to different water conditions, it is a must-have plant for any aquarist.

Hygrophila difformis, also known as Water Wisteria, is a popular choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists due to its hardiness and interesting appearance. This plant can tolerate a wide range of water parameters and light levels, making it a versatile addition to any aquarium.

Hygrophila difformis has the unique ability to exhibit heterophylly, which means that a single plant can develop multiple leaf forms depending on the conditions it is grown in. Under high light, the leaves are finely divided and fern-like, creating an elegant and intricate look. In lower light and cooler temperatures, the leaves become less divided with smoother edges, having a simpler appearance.

Water Wisteria is a fast-growing plant that can quickly fill in empty spaces in an aquarium, and can thrive in low-tech tanks. It can be grown as a background plant or trimmed to create a midground bush in larger tanks. For optimal growth, this plant benefits from CO2 injection and high light, but will still grow well in lower light levels.

This species is a great choice for aquarists who want an easy-to-care-for, versatile plant that can adapt to a range of aquarium conditions and add a unique aesthetic to their tank

Hygrophila lancea, also known as Hygrophila 'Araguaia', is a slender and low growing plant that adds a splash of colour to the aquarium. It is a compact and creeping Hygrophila that grows as a bushy foreground plant. Although it is a relatively slow grower, it requires brighter lighting than most other Hygrophila species to maintain its reddish-brown to purple colouration.

The long, thin leaves grow horizontally, pointing out across the substrate, creating an eye-catching effect. This plant prefers moderate to high light levels and benefits from CO2 injection. It is also a heavy feeder and requires regular fertilisation to thrive.

With its unique appearance and low growing nature, Hygrophila lancea is a great addition to many aquascaped. Its distinctive colouration and compact size make it an ideal choice for creating contrast in the foreground of an aquarium.

Hygrophila pinnatifida, commonly known as Fern Hygrophila, is a beautiful plant with a distinct appearance that sets it apart from other aquatic plants. Its deeply lobed, fern-like leaves and bushy growth make it an attractive addition to any aquarium.

One of the most striking features of Hygrophila pinnatifida is its burgundy colouration under high light conditions. This plant thrives in bright, high light environments and will reward aquarists with vibrant colouration in their tanks. However, it is also adaptable and can grow well under moderate light conditions, albeit with less intense colouration.

Hygrophila pinnatifida is also highly versatile in how it can be planted in the aquarium. It can grow attached to rocks and wood, making it an excellent choice for aquascaping enthusiasts who want to create unique layouts. When allowed to grow freely, it likes to develop bushy growth with lots of side shoots, creating a dense and lush appearance.

This plant is moderately demanding and does best when grown with additional CO2 and regular fertilisation, but it can still grow well in a variety of aquarium setups without this.

Overall, Hygrophila pinnatifida is a unique and attractive plant that adds visual interest to any aquarium. Its versatility makes it a great choice for aquarists looking to change up their aquascape.

Hygrophila polysperma, commonly known as Dwarf Hygrophila, is a popular and easy-to-care-for aquarium plant that can add a lush green background to your tank. It has medium-sized bright green leaves that can form a dense bush with regular trimming. This plant is fast-growing and can adapt to a wide range of water parameters, making it a great choice for beginners or those looking for a low-maintenance option.

While Dwarf Hygrophila doesn't require a lot of light to grow, it will benefit from moderate to high lighting to promote healthier growth and more vibrant colours. It can also benefit from CO2 injection and fertilisation for more optimal growth, but this is not necessary for the plant to thrive.

Hygrophila polysperma is a versatile plant that can be a great addition to any aquascape. It is a great option for those who want a plant that is easy to care for and can adapt to different aquarium conditions.

Hygrophila polysperma 'Sunset', also known as Sunset Hygrophila, is a popular aquarium plant that is known for its vibrant and colourful variegated appearance. It is a fast-growing and easy-to-care-for plant that can thrive in a variety of water conditions, making it a great choice for both beginner and experienced aquarists.

Under low light, the plant has bright green leaves with red to white leaf veins. When exposed to high light conditions, the leaves of Sunset Hygrophila transform into a bright reddish-pink colour, providing a beautiful and striking contrast in the aquarium. This plant grows fairly quickly and can be kept trimmed as a midground plant in large aquariums or as a background plant in smaller tanks.

Sunset Hygrophila is an undemanding plant that can tolerate a wide range of water parameters. It looks best in moderate to high lighting, but can also thrive in low light conditions. CO2 and regular fertilisation will further increase its vibrant colouration. This species can be easily propagated by stem cuttings, which can then be replanted into the substrate to produce new plants.

Sunset Hygrophila is a great choice for aquarists who are looking to add a colourful and easy-to-care-for plant to their aquarium. Its adaptable nature and versatility in the aquascape makes it a popular choice for both beginner and experienced hobbyists alike.

Hygrophila sp. 'Tiger' is a rare yet easy to grow species which gets quite colourful under high light. The name 'Tiger' aptly describes the plant's appearance, characterised by deep orange leaves adorned with bold stripes of darker brown. This distinct patterning makes it a standout plant in any aquascape, especially when planted alongside green species.

This stem plant is very adaptable to varying tank conditions. It is not fussy and will thrive in a wide range of water parameters. This is a highly variable species and will grow in different ways depending on the aquarium. In low light it may grow like a standard stem plant with oval, greenish leaves and a dark midrib. Under high light and CO2 it will grow as a carpeting plant, barely reaching 5cm off the substrate, with long and highly striped orange-brown leaves.

In terms of care, Hygrophila sp. 'Tiger' is undemanding and easy to maintain, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced aquarists alike. Regular pruning can help promote bushy growth and prevent overcrowding, ensuring a healthy and aesthetically pleasing appearance in the aquarium. When grown in low to medium light, this species is in many ways similar to Hygrophila polysperma, and Hygrophila sp. 'Tiger' is sometimes referred to as a variety of this species.

Propagation of Hygrophila sp. 'Tiger' is straightforward and can be accomplished through stem cuttings. Simply trim the stems and replant them in the substrate to encourage new root growth.

Overall, this is a versatile and visually appealing aquatic plant with an interesting growth pattern. Whether used as a focal point or as part of a larger aquascape, it is a great option for those who want a plant that is easy to care for and can adapt to different aquarium conditions.

Hygroryza aristata, or Asian Watergrass, is a wonderful addition to any pond or large aquarium. It is a hardy and fast-growing floating plant that can quickly spread across the surface of the water, creating a beautiful and natural look in your pond or aquarium.

One of the unique features of this plant is its wide blue-green leaves that are held up by buoyant bases and stems, giving it an interesting appearance. The plant is also mostly water repellent, which helps it stay afloat and spread easily across the surface of the water.

In addition to its aesthetic appeal, Asian Watergrass is also an effective tool for maintaining water quality. The plant can grow long, bushy roots that help to absorb excess nutrients in the water column, reducing the amount of algae and other undesirable substances in your aquatic environment. This provides additional habitat and structure for small fish and shrimp to hide in, as well as a spawning substrate for certain types of fish.

Asian Watergrass is a hardy plant that requires minimal maintenance and can thrive in a variety of water conditions. It is particularly well-suited for larger aquariums or outdoor ponds, where it can spread and create a lush, natural-looking environment.

Hygroryza aristata is an excellent choice for anyone looking to enhance the look and health of their pond or aquarium. This plant makes a valuable addition with its fast growth, attractive appearance, and effective nutrient absorption capabilities.

Hyptis laciniata, the Purple Bushmint, is a rare and beautiful plant that is becoming increasingly popular in the aquarium trade. It is native to South America and has distinctive, highly divided laciniate leaves that grow a striking bright pink colour under high lighting. This plant has a bushy growth habit in lower light and tends to creep along the substrate in higher light.

One of the most attractive features of this plant is the way its leaves change colour under different lighting conditions. Under high light, the leaves take on a striking pink hue, creating a stunning look in the aquarium. However, even in lower lighting conditions, the leaves are an attractive olive green, making it a versatile plant that can thrive in a range of setups. In lower light, the stems spread outwards and upwards, making it an excellent choice for creating a lush, natural-looking aquascape.

Purple Bushmint is also a relatively easy plant to care for, making it a great option for both experienced aquarists and newcomers to the hobby. It grows quickly and can easily be propagated by cuttings, which can be replanted to create a more dense, bushy look. It also tends to grow quite compactly under high light, making it a great choice for smaller high-tech aquariums where space is at a premium.

In addition to its aesthetic qualities, Purple Bushmint is also a beneficial plant for the aquarium ecosystem. Like many aquatic plants, it helps to absorb excess nutrients from the water, which can help to prevent algae blooms and keep the water clear and healthy. It also provides shelter and a food source for small fish and invertebrates, making it a valuable addition to any community tank.

Overall, Hyptis laciniata is an excellent choice for aquarists looking for a beautiful, easy-to-care-for plant that can add both visual interest and value to their aquarium. Its unique appearance and adaptable nature make it a standout choice among the many aquatic plants available on the market today.

Hyptis lorentziana, commonly known as Red Leaf Hyptis or Hemigraphis traian, is a stunning stem plant that can add a pop of colour to any aquarium. Its sturdy and corrugated leaves make it stand out among other stem plants. This plant is native to South America, and it has been popular in the aquarium hobby for many years.

This plant is undemanding and will grow under most conditions, but it looks best with high light and CO2 injection. Under optimal conditions, the leaves will turn a bright red to purple colour, creating a beautiful contrast when planted with green plants in the aquarium. The plant can grow quite tall and will also spread horizontally, forming a dense bush.

Hyptis lorentziana can be propagated by taking cuttings and planting them in the substrate, where each cutting will develop its own roots and grow into a new plant. Suitable for beginners, this plant is easy to care for and will tolerate a wide range of water parameters. It grows best in stable conditions with medium lighting, and regular fertilisation will encourage healthy growth.

Hyptis lorentziana is a wonderful addition to any aquascape. It can be used as a midground or background plant, depending on the size of the aquarium and will provide a beautiful contrast to green plants. Its bold appearance and sturdy look makes it a popular choice among aquarists looking to try a plant that's relatively rare in the aquarium trade.

Isachne confusa is a very uncommon aquatic plant originating from Northern Australia. It is one of the few true grass species capable of thriving entirely submerged in aquarium environments. In the aquarium, Isachne confusa is a very spiky looking plant, with leaves that stick directly out from the sides of a rigid stem.

In very bright light and ideal conditions, the undersides of the leaves can become a deep purple, while the upper surface remains green. The alternate leaves are quite tough, and so have resistance against snail damage. This is quite a challenging species to keep successfully in the aquarium, with CO2 supplementation and pH control being essential.

Isachne confusa grows in soft, acidic water conditions, with a dKH of 0-2 and a pH of 4-6. High to medium levels of lighting are essential for its well-being. Isachne confusa also requires decent CO2 levels in the water, as well as water temperatures above 25°C to thrive.

Isachne confusa is a fairly small-growing stem plant and gets to roughly 10cm in height underwater. Rather than branching out from the stems once it reaches this height, this species will instead shoot up another stem from the base. After some time it can form a nice bush in the aquarium. Like all Isachne, in aquariums this species showcases slow underwater growth, making it well-suited for the midground. The leaves extend straight out to the sides, contributing to a distinctive spiky appearance. The stems grow directly upwards, creating an interesting contrast with the leaves when grown in a dense bush.

Propagation of Isachne confusa is achieved through stem cuttings. While it may require a bit more care and attention than other stem plants, this rare native plant makes a great addition to the high tech aquarium. It is a great plant for soft water tanks, accompanying plants such as Eriocaulon.

Isachne globosa, commonly known as Swamp Millet, stands out as a rare and unusual native Australian aquatic plant. Its distinction lies in being one of the few true grass species capable of thriving entirely submerged in aquarium environments, adding a unique and captivating element to the aquarium.

It is an interesting species with slightly curvy and curly leaves when grown submerged. The green alternate leaves are quite tough, and so have resistance against snail damage. While Isachne species are generally considered challenging to grow, Isachne globosa is probably the easiest of the genus.

For optimal growth, Isachne globosa prefers soft, slightly acidic water conditions, although it can tolerate neutral water parameters if supplemented with elevated CO2 levels. High to medium levels of lighting are essential for its well-being. Isachne globosa exhibits a higher tolerance for lower water temperatures compared to Isachne confusa, thriving in temperatures as low as 8 degrees Celsius.

Like all Isachne, in aquariums this species showcases slow underwater growth, making it well-suited for the midground. The leaves extend straight out to the sides, contributing to a distinctive spiky appearance. The stems grow directly upwards, creating an interesting contrast with the leaves when grown in a dense bush.

Propagation of Isachne globosa is achieved through stem cuttings. While it may require a bit more care and attention than other stem plants, this rare native plant makes a great addition to soft water and biotope aquariums.

Isoetes coromandelina, is an extremely rare aquatic plant, native to Australia, India and Southeast Asia. It is a unique and fascinating aquatic plant that belongs to the Isoetes genus, commonly referred to as the quillworts. This particular species was first discovered on the Coromandel Coast of India and is a very rare find in the aquarium hobby. It has a classic Isoetes appearance, with many long green leaves that grow out of a lobed corm. Isoetes are also sometimes refered to as octopus plants due to these numerous splayed leaves.

Isoetes coromandelina looks quite similar to some Eriocaulon species, like Eriocaulon breviscapum, but is far more foregiving in its requirements. Unlike Eriocaulon, Isoetes do not require soft water to thrive and are fairly easy to grow in most aquariums.

It is important to provide this species with a nutritious substrate, as Isoetes are very heavy root feeders. Quillworts are an ancient group of plants in the Lycophyte clade, which are related to ferns. Isoetes photosynthesise very differently to most other plants, and so do not require additional CO2 in the aquarium.

Quillworts utilise crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) for carbon fixation, a process typically used by plants in arid environments to minimise water loss by opening their stomata at night. Aquatic quillwort species have very few stomata and have thick cuticles on their leaves, which limits CO2 uptake. Instead, they absorb CO2 from the sediment through their hollow roots. This strategy helps quillworts avoid competition for CO2 with other aquatic plants during the day. Once CO2 is absorbed through the roots, it travels through air canals in the leaves, facilitating gas diffusion to the photosynthetic tissue.

For this reason, it is very important to provide Isoetes with a good quality substrate. Dense substrates are preferred - either clay based, sand or fine gravel with dirt or peat. This plant is adaptable to a range of water parameters, but it generally prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH levels and moderate water hardness.

The Coromandel Coast Quillwort has a rosette-like growth form, with slender, cylindrical leaves. These leaves are typically lime green in color and can grow to varying lengths depending on the conditions, but usually get to a maximum length of 30cm. It is a fairly slow growing species that retains its leaves well, with mature plants having a dense rosette of many leaves.

Isoetes coromandelina requires moderate to high lighting to thrive and grow properly. Additionally, providing nutrients through root tabs or a nutrient-rich substrate can enhance its growth.

This quillwort species is best suited for a midground placement in the aquarium. Isoetes coromandelina is an attractive choice for aquarists looking for something different, with its quill-like leaves and adaptable nature.

Juncus repens, commonly known as Creeping Rush, is a versatile and hardy aquatic plant that is native to North America. It is an excellent addition to freshwater aquariums and terrariums, providing a natural and organic look to any aquascape.

This bushy and grass-like plant has a unique growth habit, producing many rosette-type plants close together. Each rosette grows along a single flat axis, and has long, thin leaves with a vibrant green colouration. Under high light, the plant can take on an orange-red hue. This plant stays relatively short, making it ideal for foreground planting or as an accent plant for the midground if allowed to grow tall.

One of the best features of Juncus repens is its ability to propagate easily. This makes it a great option for those who want to increase their plant population quickly. The plant sends out runners with new plantlets from each rosette, and as such, can be used to create an extensive carpet-like effect on the bottom of your tank. Runners can be trimmed and planted in a new location.

Juncus repens is an undemanding plant that requires moderate lighting and will grow in a variety of water parameters. It prefers nutrient-rich substrates, but will also grow in sand or gravel. The plant will also benefit from regular fertilisation and CO2 injection, which will enhance its colour and growth.

This is an excellent plant for aquarists looking for a versatile and low-maintenance aquatic plant that can provide a unique look to the aquascape. With its interesting growth habit and ability to propagate easily, this plant is sure to impress and add a touch of natural beauty to any aquarium.

Landoltia punctata, also known as Dotted Duckweed, is a versatile and fast-growing, Australian-native floating plant. While similar to regular duckweed species, the leaves of this plant are slightly larger.

Dotted Duckweed is an excellent choice for those who want to add a natural look to their aquatic environment. It is easy to care for and requires minimal maintenance, making it perfect for beginners. This plant is also a natural filter, helping to remove excess nutrients from the water and keeping the environment clean and healthy for fish and other aquatic organisms.

A close relative to Giant Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), Landoltia punctata is a bit smaller in size and generally hardier, making it easier to maintain. This plant is also sometimes referred to by its previous name, Spirodela punctata, which is now considered a separate species native to South America. Additionally, some may use the name Spirodela oligorrhiza as a synonym for this species.

With its versatility and hardiness, this plant makes a great choice for any aquatic environment. Its ability to shelter fish and remove excess nutrients from the water make it an ideal plant for maintaining a healthy and balanced ecosystem.

Lemna aequinoctialis, a native species of duckweed, is a versatile floating plant that is very easy to care for. This small duckweed is an excellent choice for creating water cover and providing shelter for species of fish that prefer lower light. It is a great option for aquarium hobbyists who want to give their fish a natural and healthy environment.

Lesser Duckweed is a low-maintenance plant that can adapt to a wide range of aquarium conditions. It does not require any special lighting or nutrient addition and can thrive in a variety of water parameters. This plant can reproduce quickly and provide continuous cover for your aquarium or pond.

With its fast growth rate, Lemna aequinoctialis is a fantastic plant for reducing and managing algal growth in ponds and aquariums, by taking up excess nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. In addition to providing shelter for fish, Lesser Duckweed is also an excellent food source for some herbivorous fish like goldfish. This plant is a native alternative to the similar-looking, introduced Lemna minor, and it is a great option for those who want to grow local flora and fauna.

Lemna minor, the Common Duckweed, is one of the most widely distributed and recognisable aquatic plants in the world. This unassuming yet highly adaptable plant makes an easy addition to both aquariums and garden ponds.

Characterised by its small clusters of oval-shaped leaves, Lemna minor grows quickly over the water surface. The leaves vary in size from 1 to 8 millimeters. This low maintenance plant requires minimal care and can thrive in a variety of water conditions, making it an easy and attractive choice for water features.

One of the primary benefits of Common Duckweed is its superb ability to remove excess nutrients from the water, like nitrogen and phosphorus. This not only assists in water purification but also hinders the growth of algae. For a native alternative to this classic but exotic Duckweed species, Lemna aequinoctialis and Landoltia punctata would both suit.

Common Duckweed provides shelter and a food source for a variety of aquatic organisms. It can provide shade across the water in sunny ponds and shelter fish and invertebrates from potential predators. This can minimise the risk of algae overgrowth. It can also serve as a food source for herbivorous and omnivorous fish like goldfish.

While Lemna minor's rapid growth can sometimes be perceived as a challenge due to its ability to cover water surfaces, its beneficial aspects far outweigh the inconveniences. Regular thinning of duckweed colonies can help manage its spread and maintain a balanced aquatic ecosystem.

Leptochilus pteropus, commonly known as Java Fern or by its previous name, Microsorum pteropus, is a popular aquatic fern and one of the staple plants in the aquarium hobby. This hardy plant is easy to care for and can grow in very low light, making it a great option for aquariums with less intense lighting.

One of the unique features of Java Fern is the way it attaches to objects in the aquarium. Rather than rooting into the substrate like most plants, Java Fern uses its roots to attach to objects like driftwood and rocks. This makes it a great choice for aquascapes that include hardscape elements.

In addition to its ease of care and unique growth habit, Java Fern is also a very beautiful plant. Its firm leaves are green and slightly pointed, with an intricate pattern of delicate-looking veins. When grown in optimal conditions, it can develop a lush and full appearance, adding texture and dimension to any aquarium.

One thing to note is that Java Fern should not be planted in the substrate by burying its rhizome, as this can lead to the plant rotting. Instead, it should be attached to an object in the aquarium with its roots, using fishing line or even cyanoacrylate super glue. This may require a bit of creativity when it comes to aquascaping, but the end result is well worth the effort.

Overall, Java Fern is an excellent choice for aquarists looking for a low-maintenance, visually appealing plant that can add a unique touch to their aquascape. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced hobbyist, Java Fern is a great plant to consider for your aquarium.

Leptochilus pteropus 'Windelov', also known as Crested Java Fern or by its previous name, Microsorum pteropus 'Windelov', is a beautiful and unique cultivar of the standard Java Fern. This aquatic fern has a crested appearance, which means it has multiple, forked tips on each leaf, giving it a distinctive, branching look.

Like the standard Java Fern, the Windelov variety is a hardy plant that can grow in very low light. It uses its roots to attach to objects like driftwood and rocks, but can also grow out of the substrate if only the roots and not the rhizome are buried. This makes it a great choice for aquascapes and terrariums.

The Windelov Java Fern is a slow grower and can take some time to establish in a new aquarium, but once it does, it is relatively low-maintenance. It is a great option for aquarium hobbyists who want to add an interesting look to their tank without having to put in too much effort.

This plant makes a great addition to the community tank as it is quite resistant to being eaten by herbivorous tank inhabitants, and also provides a natural, gentle cover for shy or skittish fish. The Windelov Java Fern is a beautiful, hardy, and low-maintenance aquatic plant that adds a unique and eye-catching touch to any aquarium.

Leptodictyum riparium, commonly known as Marsh Feather-Moss, is an undemanding and fast-growing native Australian moss suitable for both cold and warm-water aquariums. It is truly cosmopolitan and is known from every country, with a worldwide distribution apart from Antarctica. Leptodictyum riparium grows vigorously in all directions, similar to Java Moss. This species is often mistakenly sold as 'Stringy Moss', which is actually Drepanocladus aduncus.

Also known as Streamside Leptodictyum Moss, Marsh Feather-Moss flourishes best in nutrient-rich water with moderate lighting. While it can grow in low light, it will grow best in medium to high light areas in the aquarium. This species can tolerate a range of water conditions, including high carbonate hardness, a pH from 5 - 8 and temperatures from 4 - 28°C. Its adaptability makes it suitable for various aquarium setups, and it is particularly well-suited for biotope tanks.

This moss can be attached to hardscape elements such as rocks or driftwood, forming long, lush strands that extend out into the water. Compared to the similar looking Java Moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri), Leptodictyum riparium grows longer and narrower strands that tend to grow up into the water. Under higher lighting it grows denser and tends to creep along surfaces.

Marsh Feather-Moss is ideal for aquarists looking to create a natural, unkempt aesthetic in their tanks, and makes a fantastic natural hiding space for fry and shrimp. Regular trimming is recommended to maintain its shape. This versatile moss also grows well emersed on moist surfaces, making it a great choice for paludariums and terrariums.

Lilaeopsis brasiliensis, commonly known as the Brazilian Micro Sword, is a versatile foreground plant that can add a lush green carpet to your aquarium. This grassy plant is an excellent choice for aquascaping and can quickly spread by runners to cover the entire substrate. It looks best when grown in a nutrient-rich substrate and under bright lighting, where it can form a dense, almost lawn-like appearance. The leaves are flat and have a narrow bottom and wider top, giving it a unique and elegant appearance. This species is considered by some to be a synonym of Lilaeopsis minor.

A great foreground addition to many tanks, this sturdy plant can even tolerate slightly brackish waters. It is however moderately demanding in terms of requiring medium CO2 levels and moderate to high lighting. It can thrive in a wide range of aquarium parameters, including soft and hard water, and is also tolerant of a range of temperatures, including cold water to 15°C. In addition to its aesthetic appeal, Brazilian Micro Sword also serves a practical purpose in the aquarium by providing a natural dense shelter for fish and small invertebrates.

If you're looking for a beautiful, easy-to-care-for plant that can transform the look of your aquarium foreground, consider adding Lilaeopsis brasiliensis to your collection. Its hardy nature and lush appearance make it an excellent choice for both experienced and beginner aquarists looking to create a stunning aquascape.

Lilaeopsis brisbanica, the Brisbane River Grasswort, is an attractive, low growing native carpeting plant. It is quite a hardy species, and grows well in both fresh and brackish water aquariums. This species has bright green leaves and grows quickly across the substrate.

Unforunately, there has been a lot of confusion over the years in regards to this species, with many places selling other species as the Brisbane River Grasswort. These are almost always not the true native species, and the same goes for plants sold under the erroneous name Lilaeopsis brisbaniensis.

This is the true native Lilaeopsis brisbanica, a distinct species to the commonly misidentified Lilaeopsis brasiliensis that is often mislabeled as Lilaeopsis brisbanica. Luckily, this species actually looks very different to Lilaeopsis brasiliensis and is easy to tell apart. Brisbane River Grasswort looks more like a tiny Lilaeopsis polyantha than L. brasiliensis. The leaves are hollow and tubular rather than the flat leaves of L. brasiliensis, and they have a slight curl to them. The leaves are also lightly segmented, and so have a distinct look. It also grows a fair bit shorter, with leaves that get down to only 1.5cm high in high light, and to 6cm high in low to medium light.

If you are unsure of what Lilaeopsis species you have, just remember that all native Australian lilaeopsis species (Lilaeopsis brisbanica, Lilaeopsis polyantha and Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae) have hollow tubular leaves, while the South American species, Lilaeopsis brasiliensis, has flat leaves.

This grassy plant is an excellent choice for aquascaping and can quickly spread by runners to cover the entire substrate. It looks best when grown in a nutrient-rich substrate and under bright lighting, where it can form a dense, almost lawn-like appearance. This species grows best in water with a pH from 5.5-9, with temperatures between 15-30°C.

If you're looking for an easy-to-care-for native plant that can transform the look of your aquarium foreground, consider adding the Brisbane River Grasswort to your collection. Its hardy nature and lush appearance make it an excellent choice for both experienced and beginner aquarists looking to create a stunning aquascape.

Lilaeopsis polyantha, commonly known as Australian Lilaeopsis or the Creeping Crantzia, is a distinctive aquatic plant native to Australia. Unlike its exotic counterpart, Lilaeopsis brasiliensis, which has flat and spatulate leaves, this species has unique cylindrical, hollow leaves. The height of its leaves is strongly influenced by lighting conditions. Under intense light, the leaves reach approximately 10cm, while in lower light settings, it grows well as a background plant with extended leaves spanning up to 30cm in height.

This plant's growth pattern is characterised by its creeping nature, a trait shared with all Lilaeopsis species. Via rhizomes, it gradually spreads across the substrate. An impressively hardy plant, Lilaeopsis polyantha adapts well to a diverse range of water parameters and even has the ability to flourish in brackish water environments. Its resilience extends to enduring temperatures below freezing, making it a suitable choice for pond cultivation in regions susceptible to frost.

In an aquarium setting, Lilaeopsis polyantha truly shines when placed in an environment with gentle water flow. The long, soft green leaves elegantly sway in the current, adding a natural look to the aquatic landscape. In larger aquariums equipped with bright lighting, this plant is suitable as a foreground to midground carpeting option. Maintenance is akin to trimming hairgrass, offering aquarists the flexibility to shape it according to their preferences.

Limnophila aromatica, the Sawtooth Marshweed, is a stunning Australian native plant that is a must-have for any native aquatic plant enthusiast. With its striking serrated green leaves and sturdy stems, this plant looks great in any aquarium. Not only is it visually appealing, but it is also undemanding, making it an excellent choice for beginner aquarists.

Note that this is the true Limnophila aromatica species. It is very often confused for the non-native Limnophila hippuridoides, which has been sold as L. aromatica for many years. One of the distinguishing features of Limnophila aromatica is its entirely green leaves which grow relatively wide, a beautiful contrast to the many narrow-leaved species available in the aquarium trade. Its overall undemanding nature means that it doesn't require high lighting or CO2 injection to thrive, making it a versatile plant for any aquascape.

This Australian native plant is a perfect choice for aquarists who are looking to create a lush and natural-looking aquarium. This species spreads easily and can quickly fill in a space, providing a lime-green background that is perfect for showcasing other plants or for hiding unsightly equipment. This plant is also an excellent choice for those who are looking to provide their tank inhabitants with a natural habitat that is similar to their native environment.

Limnophila aromatica is an excellent choice for anyone looking for an attractive and undemanding plant for their aquarium. It is a stunning Australian native plant that can add contrast and depth to any aquascape.

Limnophila brownii, commonly known as Darwin River Ambulia or Native Ambulia, is a versatile aquatic plant that serves as an excellent alternative to the commonly grown Limnophila sessiliflora. This plant is a native to Australia and is widely found in waterways and swamps in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western Australia. Limnophila brownii is an undemanding plant that is easy to care for, making it a popular choice among both beginner and experienced aquatic plant enthusiasts.

The plant has thin, feathery leaves on flexible stems, create a fluffy look. The leaflets are finer than those of Limnophila sessiliflora, and are light green in colour. Under high lighting conditions, the growing tips of the plant may take on a reddish hue. In optimal conditions like in ponds with high light and CO2 levels, the crowns of this plant can get up to 10cm wide! In the aquarium in normal conditions, it is fairly comparable to Limnophila sessiliflora however.

One of the advantages of Limnophila brownii is that it does not require high lighting or nutrient-rich substrate to thrive. A moderate light level and regular fertilisation is sufficient to keep this plant healthy and growing well. This plant can also tolerate a wide range of water conditions, including temperatures between 13 and 30 °C, a pH range of 5 to 8, and water hardness between 2 and 15 dGH. It is also known to be a fast grower, making it ideal for providing background coverage in an aquarium.

When adding Limnophila brownii to an aquarium, it is best to plant the stems individually, spacing them a couple of centimeters apart to allow for adequate growth and spread. The plant propagates by runners and through stem cuttings, which can be taken and replanted to create additional plants.

Overall, Limnophila brownii is a great aquatic plant choice for aquarists who are looking for an undemanding, native alternative to Limnophila sessiliflora that can add depth and texture to their aquarium. Its unique feathery appearance and ease of care make it a nice addition to many planted aquariums.

Limnophila fragrans, commonly known as the Fragrant Marshweed, is an uncommon aquatic plant native to Australia. As the smallest native Limnophila species, it exhibits unique characteristics that make it a noteworthy addition to the aquarium.

This species is distinguished by its diminutive size, with leaves growing to approximately one-third the size of its close relative, Limnophila aromatica. While sharing the serrated leaf structure with L. aromatica, Fragrant Marshweed's serrations are less pronounced when submerged. Its tropical origins make it well-suited for aquariums with temperatures above 24 degrees Celsius.

Unlike the more common 'fluffy' Limnophila varieties, Limnophila fragrans can be more challenging to grow. It thrives in soft water conditions and demands higher lighting levels. The effort however is rewarded with a captivating plant that complements other species, such as Eriocaulon.

The growth pattern of Limnophila fragrans is relatively slow, allowing for good control of its height and bushiness through regular trimming. This characteristic makes it an ideal choice for foreground or midground placement within the aquarium, contributing to the overall aesthetic appeal of the tank.

In addition to its unique appearance, Limnophila fragrans is also one of the most fragrant Limnophila species, with its emersed leaves having a eucalyptus menthol scent.